3,498 research outputs found
Uniqueness and Non-uniqueness in the Einstein Constraints
The conformal thin sandwich (CTS) equations are a set of four of the Einstein
equations, which generalize the Laplace-Poisson equation of Newton's theory. We
examine numerically solutions of the CTS equations describing perturbed
Minkowski space, and find only one solution. However, we find {\em two}
distinct solutions, one even containing a black hole, when the lapse is
determined by a fifth elliptic equation through specification of the mean
curvature. While the relationship of the two systems and their solutions is a
fundamental property of general relativity, this fairly simple example of an
elliptic system with non-unique solutions is also of broader interest.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures; abstract and introduction rewritte
High power coupled CO2 waveguide laser array
A hollow-bore ridge waveguide technique for phase locking arrays of coupled CO2 rf excited waveguide lasers was demonstrated. Stable phase-locked operation of two- and three-channel arrays has been demonstrated at the 50 W output level. Preliminary experiments with a five-element array generated an output power of 95 W but phase-locked operation was not conclusively demonstrated
The binary black-hole problem at the third post-Newtonian approximation in the orbital motion: Static part
Post-Newtonian expansions of the Brill-Lindquist and Misner-Lindquist
solutions of the time-symmetric two-black-hole initial value problem are
derived. The static Hamiltonians related to the expanded solutions, after
identifying the bare masses in both solutions, are found to differ from each
other at the third post-Newtonian approximation. By shifting the position
variables of the black holes the post-Newtonian expansions of the three metrics
can be made to coincide up to the fifth post-Newtonian order resulting in
identical static Hamiltonians up the third post-Newtonian approximation. The
calculations shed light on previously performed binary point-mass calculations
at the third post-Newtonian approximation.Comment: LaTeX, 9 pages, to be submitted to Physical Review
A new geometric invariant on initial data for Einstein equations
For a given asymptotically flat initial data set for Einstein equations a new
geometric invariant is constructed. This invariant measure the departure of the
data set from the stationary regime, it vanishes if and only if the data is
stationary. In vacuum, it can be interpreted as a measure of the total amount
of radiation contained in the data.Comment: 5 pages. Important corrections regarding the generalization to the
non-time symmetric cas
The Einstein constraints: uniqueness and non-uniqueness in the conformal thin sandwich approach
We study the appearance of multiple solutions to certain decompositions of
Einstein's constraint equations. Pfeiffer and York recently reported the
existence of two branches of solutions for identical background data in the
extended conformal thin-sandwich decomposition. We show that the Hamiltonian
constraint alone, when expressed in a certain way, admits two branches of
solutions with properties very similar to those found by Pfeiffer and York. We
construct these two branches analytically for a constant-density star in
spherical symmetry, but argue that this behavior is more general. In the case
of the Hamiltonian constraint this non-uniqueness is well known to be related
to the sign of one particular term, and we argue that the extended conformal
thin-sandwich equations contain a similar term that causes the breakdown of
uniqueness.Comment: 9 pages, 1 figur
Evaluation of positive G sub Z tolerance following simulated weightlessness (bedrest)
The magnitude of physiologic changes which are known to occur in human subjects exposed to varying levels of + G sub Z acceleration following bed rest simulation of weightlessness was studied. Bed rest effects were documented by fluid and electrolyte balance studies, maximal exercise capability, 70 deg passive tilt and lower body negative pressure tests and the ability to endure randomly prescribed acceleration profiles of +2G sub Z, +3G sub Z, and +4G sub Z. Six healthy male volunteers were studied during two weeks of bed rest after adequate control observations, followed by two weeks of recovery, followed by a second two-week period of bed rest at which time an Air Force cutaway anti-G suit was used to determine its effectiveness as a countermeasure for observed cardiovascular changes during acceleration. Results showed uniform and significant changes in all measured parameters as a consequence of bed rest including a reduced ability to tolerate +G sub Z acceleration. The use of anti-G suits significantly improved subject tolerance to all G exposures and returned measured parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure towards or to pre-bed-rest (control) values in four of the six cases
Osmotic pressure induced coupling between cooperativity and stability of a helix-coil transition
Most helix-coil transition theories can be characterized by a set of three
parameters: energetic, describing the (free) energy cost of forming a helical
state in one repeating unit; entropic, accounting for the decrease of entropy
due to the helical state formation; and geometric, indicating how many
repeating units are affected by the formation of one helical state. Depending
on their effect on the helix-coil transition, solvents or co-solutes can be
classified with respect to their action on these parameters. Solvent
interactions that alter the entropic cost of helix formation by their osmotic
action can affect both the stability (transition temperature) and the
cooperativity (transition interval) of the helix-coil transition. A consistent
inclusion of osmotic pressure effects in a description of helix-coil transition
for poly(L-glutamic acid) in solution with polyethylene glycol can offer an
explanation of the experimentally observed linear dependence of transition
temperature on osmotic pressure as well as the concurrent changes in the
cooperativity of the transition.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures. To be submitted to Phys.Rev.Let
3+1 Approach to the Long Wavelength Iteration Scheme
Large-scale inhomogeneities and anisotropies are modeled using the Long
Wavelength Iteration Scheme. In this scheme solutions are obtained as
expansions in spatial gradients, which are taken to be small. It is shown that
the choice of foliation for spacetime can make the iteration scheme more
effective in two respects: (i) the shift vector can be chosen so as to dilute
the effect of anisotropy on the late-time value of the extrinsic curvature of
the spacelike hypersurfaces of the foliation; and (ii) pure gauge solutions
present in a similar calculation using the synchronous gauge vanish when the
spacelike hypersurfaces have extrinsic curvature with constant trace. We
furthermore verify the main conclusion of the synchronous gauge calculation
which is large-scale inhomogeneity decays if the matter--considered to be that
of a perfect-fluid with a barotropic equation of state--violates the
strong-energy condition. Finally, we obtain the solution for the lapse function
and discuss its late-time behaviour. It is found that the lapse function is
well-behaved when the matter violates the strong energy condition.Comment: 21 pages, TeX file, already publishe
On the existence of initial data containing isolated black holes
We present a general construction of initial data for Einstein's equations
containing an arbitrary number of black holes, each of which is instantaneously
in equilibrium. Each black hole is taken to be a marginally trapped surface and
plays the role of the inner boundary of the Cauchy surface. The black hole is
taken to be instantaneously isolated if its outgoing null rays are shear-free.
Starting from the choice of a conformal metric and the freely specifiable part
of the extrinsic curvature in the bulk, we give a prescription for choosing the
shape of the inner boundaries and the boundary conditions that must be imposed
there. We show rigorously that with these choices, the resulting non-linear
elliptic system always admits solutions.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures, RevTeX
- …