Hypothalamic abnormalities and Parkinsonism associated with H1N1 influenza infection

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>To describe a case of a young adult with severe H1N1 influenza illness associated with hypothalamic abnormalities and post-influenza parkinsonism.</p> <p>Design</p> <p>Case report.</p> <p>Patient</p> <p>A 22-year-old woman with H1N1 influenza infection developed encephalopathy followed by diverse hypothalamic dysfunction manifestations, sleeplessness, and persistent parkinsonian features.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>CSF analysis, brain imaging and EEG ruled out hypoxic brain injury or other illnesses.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A number of viruses have been associated with both acute and chronic parkinsonism. A link between parkinsonism and influenza viruses is somewhat controversial. This is the first reported case of parkinsonism following an H1N1 influenza infection.</p

A Practical Score for Prediction of Outcome After Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

Background: Most patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) have independent survival in the short term. However, identification of high-risk individuals with an unfavorable outcome is a challenging task. We aimed to develop a CVT grading scale (CVT-GS) to aid in the short-term clinical decision-making.Methods: We included 467 consecutive patients with CVT who were hospitalized from 1981 to 2015 in two third-level referral hospitals. Factors associated with 30-day mortality were selected with bivariate analyses to integrate a Cox proportional-hazards model to determine components of the final scoring. After the scale was configured, the prognostic performance was tested for prediction of short-term death or moderately impaired to death [modified Rankin scale (mRS) &gt; 2]. CVT-GS was categorized as mild, moderate or severe for the prediction of 30-day fatality rate and a probability of mRS &gt; 2.Results: The 30-day case fatality rate was 9.0%. The CVT-GS (0–13 points; more points predicting poorer outcomes) was composed of parenchymal lesion size &gt; 6 cm (3 points), bilateral Babinski signs (3 points), male sex (2 points), parenchymal hemorrhage (2 points), and level of consciousness (coma: 3 points, stupor: 2, somnolence: 1, and alert: 0). CVT was categorized as mild (0–2 points, 0.4% fatality rate), moderate (3–7 points, 9.9% fatality rate), or severe (8–13 points, 61.4% fatality rate). The CVT-GS had an accuracy of 91.6% for the prediction of 30-day mortality and 85.3% for mRS &gt; 2.Conclusions: CVT-GS is a practical clinical tool for prediction of outcome after CVT. This score may aid in clinical decision-making and could serve to stratify patients enrolled in clinical trials

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

A Pathological Study of the Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis in Mexico City

Objective. To examine the frequency and patterns of association of cardiovascular risk factors with atherosclerosis in five different arterial territories at post-mortem in Mexico City. Methods. We obtained five arterial territories arteries (circle of Willis, coronary, carotid, renal, and aorta) of 185 men and women 0 to 90 years of age who underwent autopsy at the Medical Forensic Service of Mexico City. We determined the prevalence and extent of atherosclerotic lesions by histopathology according to the classification of the American Heart Association as early (types I–III) and advanced (types IV–VI), and according to the degree of stenosis and correlated with cardiovascular risk factors. Results. Atherosclerotic lesions were identified in at least one arterial territory in 181 subjects (97.8%), with involvement of two ore more territories in 178 subjects (92.2%). Advanced lesions were observed in 36% and 67% of subjects under 15 and between 16 and 35 years, respectively. Any degree of atherosclerosis was associated with the presence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, overweight, obesity, and smoking, and to a greater extent with the presence of two or more risk factors (P<0.001). However, emerging and advanced athersoclerosis was observed in 53% and 20% people with no risk factors. Conclusions. The study shows a high prevalence of atherosclerosis in all age groups and both sexes. There is considerable development of atherosclerotic disease in subjects without known risk factors

Prevalencia de enfermedad carotidea en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención en el Distrito Federal, México

Introducción: la enfermedad carotídea aterosclerosa (ECA) es causa del 15% de los infartos cerebrales. Su prevalencia podría ser alta en la población latinoamericana, pero esta información es escasa. Objetivos: describir la prevalencia, severidad y factores de riesgo de la ECA en población mexicana que asiste a un hospital de tercer nivel de atención. Materiales y Métodos: se revisaron 545 expedientes clínicos de pacientes a quienes se les realizó ultrasonido de carótidas, en un período de 23 meses. Se analizó la prevalencia y severidad de la ECA, y se compararon los factores de riesgo entre pacientes con y sin esta patología. Resultados: la prevalencia de ECA fue del 54.7% (IC95°/o: 50.5% al 58.8%): leve 48% y moderada-severa 7%. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial (64.8%, ECA moderada-severa: 86.8%), edad mayor o igual a 65 años (64.4%, ECA moderada-severa: 84.2%), hipercolesterolemia (47.5%, ECA moderada-severa: 60.5%) y diabetes mellitus (40%, ECA moderada-severa: 44.7%). Un 29% tenían historia de infarto cerebral. La mayoría de los pacientes recibieron estatinas o fibratos (68.3%, ECA moderada-severa: 86.8%), antiagregantes (62%, ECA moderada a severa: 86.8%) e inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (42.8%, ECA moderada-severa: 71.1%). De los 38 pacientes con ECA moderada-severa, 13 (34.2%) se sometieron a revascularización carotídea (12 endarterectomía y 1 endoprótesis más angioplastia). Conclusiones: la prevalencia de ECA en esta población mexicana es similar a la informada en otros países. La mayoría de los pacientes son manejados conservadoramente. Debe hacerse énfasis en el control de factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados a la ECA

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular y aterosclerosis carotídea detectada por ultrasonografía Cardiovascular risk factors and carotid atherosclerosis detected by ultrasonography

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la frecuencia y los factores determinantes de aterosclerosis carotídea en una comunidad de la ciudad de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó, de julio de 1993 a enero de 1996, una ultrasonografía carotídea en 145 participantes del proyecto CUPA, que consiste en un estudio de vigilancia epidemiológica. Se investigó la presencia de aterosclerosis carotídea y su relación con factores de riesgo cardiovascular. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de aterosclerosis carotídea detectada por ultrasonografía fue de 64.8%. En 64 personas (44.1%) se documentó engrosamiento del complejo íntima-media de la pared aterial y en 82 sujetos (56.5%) se observaron placas de ateroma (concomitantes con engrosamiento íntima-media en 52 individuos). En sólo ocho personas (5.5%) las placas de ateroma se asociaron a estenosis hemidámicamente significativa. No se encontraron diferencias en la prevalencia de aterosclerosis en relación con el sexo (hombres, 61.9% y mujeres, 66.0%). Los factores de riesgo asociados con aterosclerosis fueron: edad (p<0.0001), hipertensión arterial sistémica (p<0.001), hipertensión sistólica aislada (p=0.01), hipercolesterolemia (p=0.04) y diabetes mellitus (p=0.06). La prevalencia de aterosclerosis carotídea aumentó progresivamente al incrementarse el número de factores de riesgo vascular. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de aterosclerosis carotídea fue elevada en una comunidad de edad avanzada de la ciudad de México y similar a la observada en países occidentales. Se asoció principalmente con la edad, la hipertensión arterial, la hipercolesterolemia y la diabetes mellitus.<br>OBJECTIVES: To assess the frequency of carotid atherosclerosis and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors in a general elderly population of Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: B-mode ultrasonography was performed to investigate carotid atherosclerosis in 145 CUPA (a research project) participants, between July 1993 and January 1996. The outcome was then related to cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: Prevalence of ultrasound-detected carotid atherosclerosis was 64.8%. Intimal-medial thickening was detected in 64 subjects (44.1%) and carotid plaques in 82 (56.5%); Fifty-two subjects had both intimal-medial thickening and plaques. However, only 8 subjects had carotid plaques with severe stenosis (5.5%). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions (male 61.9%, female 66.0%). Carotid atherosclerosis was significantly associated with age (p<0.0001), high blood pressure (p<0.001), isolated systolic hypertension (p=0.01), hypercholesterolemia (p=0.04), and diabetes mellitus (p=0.06). Prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis increased progressively with the number of vascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in this general elderly population of Mexico City, and was almost equal to that reported in developed western countries. Age, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes were the strongest predictors of atherosclerosis

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular y aterosclerosis carotídea detectada por ultrasonografía

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la frecuencia y los factores determinantes de aterosclerosis carotídea en una comunidad de la ciudad de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó, de julio de 1993 a enero de 1996, una ultrasonografía carotídea en 145 participantes del proyecto CUPA, que consiste en un estudio de vigilancia epidemiológica. Se investigó la presencia de aterosclerosis carotídea y su relación con factores de riesgo cardiovascular. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de aterosclerosis carotídea detectada por ultrasonografía fue de 64.8%. En 64 personas (44.1%) se documentó engrosamiento del complejo íntima-media de la pared aterial y en 82 sujetos (56.5%) se observaron placas de ateroma (concomitantes con engrosamiento íntima-media en 52 individuos). En sólo ocho personas (5.5%) las placas de ateroma se asociaron a estenosis hemidámicamente significativa. No se encontraron diferencias en la prevalencia de aterosclerosis en relación con el sexo (hombres, 61.9% y mujeres, 66.0%). Los factores de riesgo asociados con aterosclerosis fueron: edad (p<0.0001), hipertensión arterial sistémica (p<0.001), hipertensión sistólica aislada (p=0.01), hipercolesterolemia (p=0.04) y diabetes mellitus (p=0.06). La prevalencia de aterosclerosis carotídea aumentó progresivamente al incrementarse el número de factores de riesgo vascular. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de aterosclerosis carotídea fue elevada en una comunidad de edad avanzada de la ciudad de México y similar a la observada en países occidentales. Se asoció principalmente con la edad, la hipertensión arterial, la hipercolesterolemia y la diabetes mellitus

Amyloidosis due to TTR mutations in Mexico with 4 distincts genotypes in the index cases

Abstract Background Transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis (ATTR) is a systemic disease characterized by extracellular deposits of amyloid due to the autosomal dominant inheritance of a mutation in the TTR gene (18q12.1). Although described worldwide, it is a rare disease, limited to certain parts of the world. The aim of this manuscript is to describe the presence and characteristics of ATTR in Mexico. Methods From 2010 through the database of the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán we selected cases that had the diagnosis of “amyloidosis”, with any etiology, reviewed the files and selected those with suspected hereditary etiology. Results We identified 111 subjects with 5 different pathological mutations, none of them with the classic Val30Met mutation. Mutations found were Ser50Arg in 83 (74%), Gly47Ala in 14 (13%), Ser52Pro in 12 (11%) and V122I /Y116H in 2 (2%). The majority of positive patients were from the States of Morelos and Guerrero. Twenty different families were included. The most common causes of death was urosepsis and cardiac failure. Conclusions In Mexico there are endemic foci of ATTR, mainly in the states of Morelos and Guerrero. The major mutations are different from the most common global mutation Met30Val