Economics of library binding

Since book acquisition funds have become more scarce, libraries are unable to pay higher prices for hard cover books that often circulate the same number of times as less expensive paper back books. Therefore, to increase the number of circulations libraries must send books to be either prebound or rebound. A national survey by the American Library Association (ALA) shows that the average trade book might last only 20 to 25 circulations, but books prebound or rebound according to the LBI standard will last at least 100 circulations. The librarian will have to choose whether to replace deteriorated trade books with new ones in order to achieve the same number of circulations as prebound or rebound books. This study concentrates on investigating and determining a cost effective model for rebinding or prebinding books according to specifications of the Library Binding Institute. First, the number of circulations of a rebound and prebound book of a certain price was obtained. The purpose was to set a data base and establish a relation between a cost-effective number of circulations and price of the books plus the cost of rebinding or prebinding. Second, the breakeven number of circulations was determined. In addition, other variables were included such as: thickness; dimension (trim size); type of binding, perfect bound or sewn; the type of cover, hard or paper back editions. The purpose was to provide the librarian with a graph that will aid them in their decision as to whether or not to rebind. This research may also aid in the decision to purchase prebound books. Third, the savings from choosing to rebind or prebind as compared to replacing deteriorated books, were also determined. Finally, a pareto analysis was conducted to identify the most common causes of deterioration of a book. The results showed that the number of circulations was affected strongly by such factors as: ways in which books are handled by users; usage of the books inside the library; photocopying of books; various standards used by libraries to determine when a book should be sent to rebinding; and inadequate storage of books on shelves. Furthermore, two graphs were made to aid the librarian in deciding whether to rebind, to prebind or to keep the book with its original binding. Both graphs, one for hard cover books and one for paper back books, indicate there will be an increase in the cost effective number of circulations as the original purchasing price increases. The results also indicated that the original method of binding, i.e. paperback vs. hard cover was significant. However, dimension (the size of the book) proved to be only significant in the case of paper back books. In addition, the decisions to prebind or rebind was found to be more cost-effective when compared to replacing deteriorated bindings with new ones. Finally, it was concluded that the major problems that caused circulating library books to deteriorate were broken or damaged spines and damaged covers

Liquen escleroso vulvar: revisión de la enfermedad y propuesta de creación de una base de datos en el Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital Universitario Cruces

[ES] Antecedentes: El LEV constituye una de las consultas más frecuentes relacionadas con el malestar y las molestias vulvares femeninas. Además, es bien conocido que la enfermedad presenta un gran impacto sobre la calidad de vida de las pacientes que la padecen. Aun así, no existe un tratamiento curativo ni protocolos estandarizados para aquellos casos refractarios al de primera línea. Es por ello que nos vemos en la obligación de ofrecer alternativas terapéuticas para estas pacientes, como lo es el tratamiento con láser CO2 fraccionado. Objetivos: Este trabajo tiene dos objetivos principales: (1) realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura disponible sobre el LEV y el manejo terapéutico de las lesiones vulvares mediante láser CO2 fraccionado y (2) realizar una base de recogida de datos oficial con el objetivo de implementarla en consulta para las pacientes tratadas con láser CO2 fraccionado en el S. Dermatología del HUC. Conclusiones: A día de hoy la utilidad del láser CO2 fraccionado en el tratamiento del LEV sigue sin haberse demostrado con un nivel de evidencia suficiente, pues existen pocos ensayos aleatorizados realizados, y los estudios siguen una metodología pobre y muy heterogénea, por lo que el análisis y la comparación entre ellos es complicada. Aunque los resultados en ensayos clínicos son variables respecto a ser clínicamente significativos o no, por lo general los resultados son positivos al igual que en las series de casos. El conocimiento de la eficacia y la seguridad de la administración del láser CO2 fraccionado es fundamental para poder mejorar la asistencia de todas las pacientes que lo necesiten. Para poder profundizar en este conocimiento, es necesaria la recogida de datos procedentes del efecto del tratamiento en la clínica de las pacientes, así como en su calidad de vida. Para ello, hemos planteado la implementación de ciertas escalas de valoración terapéutica en la práctica asistencial, que permiten recoger los datos más relevantes en el proceso de la enfermedad: sintomatología subjetiva de las pacientes, manifestaciones clínicas objetivadas por el profesional clínico, satisfacción general respecto al tratamiento y la evolución en la calidad de vida

Antibakterielle planter som fodertilsætning som erstatning for antibiotika, zink og kobber til fravænningsgrise

Power point foredag under temaet ’Antibiotikafri grise’ om MAFFRA projektets resultater, herunder især fokus på pilot forsøg med grise fodret med antibakterielt plantecocktail. Kopi på Økologikongressens hjemmeside

Resistant starch reduces large intestinal pH and promotes fecal lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in pigs

Research Areas: Agriculture. Veterinary SciencesABSTRACT - Dietary resistant starch (RS) may have prebiotic properties but its effects on fermentation and the microbial population are inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to quantify the relationship between RS type 2 (RS2) and intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and pH as well as certain key bacterial taxa for intestinal health in pigs. From the 24 included articles with sufficient information about the animal, and dietary and physiological measurements published between 2000 and 2017, individual sub-data sets for fermentation metabolites, pH, bacterial abundances and apparent total tract digestibility were built and used to parameterize prediction models on the effect of RS2, accounting for inter- and intra-study variability. In addition, the effect of pig's BW at the start of the experiment and duration of the experimental period on response variables were also evaluated using backward elimination analysis. Dietary RS levels ranged from 0% to 78.0% RS, with median and mean RS levels of 28.8% and 210%, respectively. Negative relationships could be established between dietary RS and pH in the large intestine (P < 0.05), with a stronger effect in the mid and distal colon, and feces (R = 0.64 to 0.81; P < 0.001). A dietary level of 15% RS would lower the pH in the proximal, mid-, distal colon and feces by 0.2, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.6 units, respectively. Increasing RS levels, however, did not affect SCFA concentrations in the hindgut, but enhanced the molar proportion of propionate in mid-colon and reduced those of acetate in mid-colon and of butyrate in mid- and distal colon (R-2 = 0.46 to 0.52; P < 0.05). Backward elimination indicated an age-related decrease in mid-colonic propionate proportion and increase in mid- and distal colonic butyrate proportion (P < 0.05), thereby modulating RS2 effects. In feces, increasing RS levels promoted fecal lactobacilli (R-2 = 0.46; P < 0.01) and bifidobacteria (R-2 = 0.57; P < 0.01), whereby the slope showed the need for a minimal RS level of 10% for a 0.5 log unit-increase in their abundance. Best-fit equations further supported that a longer experimental period increased fecal lactobacilli but decreased fecal bifidobacteria (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary RS2 seems to effectively decrease digesta pH throughout the large intestine and increase lactic acid-producing bacteria in feces of pigs which may limit the growth of opportunistic pathogens in the hindgut. To achieve these physiologically relevant changes, dietary RS should surpass 10% to 15%.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Validación de un instrumento de investigación para determinar un plan de marketing digital estratégico con adopción en TIC de vanguardia para posicionar a las PyMES de comercio

El aplicar una evaluación de plan de marketing digital, es de suma importancia para conocer la capacidad de que la empresa tome nuevas formas de comercialización con innovación estratégica, ya que es casi imprescindible que un negocio se encuentre en Internet. El Plan de marketing estratégico con adopción en TIC de vanguardia, apoya una gestión adecuada para poder posicionarse en el mercado, así como mostrar la necesidad de contar con esto. El propósito de este trabajo es validar un instrumento para determinar el grado de adopción, el impacto y la adaptación de la implementación de un plan de marketing digital estratégico con adopción en TIC de vanguardia para posicionar a las Pyme del Sector Comercio. Se acoplaron ocho instrumentos sobre el plan de marketing con adopción en TIC de vanguardia, resultando 4 dimensiones

Influence of different cultivation methods on carbohydrate and lipid compositions and digestibility of energy of fruits and vegetables

BACKGROUND Environmental as well as cultivation factors may greatly influence the chemical composition of plants. The main factors affecting the chemical composition of foodstuff are level and type of fertilizer (conventional and organic cultivation systems), location or soil type, and year of harvest. Organic foods are defined as products that are produced under controlled cultivation conditions characterized by the absence of synthetic fertilisers and very restricted use of pesticides. Very limited information is available regarding the impact of organic cultivation systems on the composition of carbohydrates and fatty acids of fruits and vegetables. The objective was to investigate the influence of organic and conventional cultivation systems on the carbohydrate and fatty acid composition and digestibility of the energy of apple, carrot, kale, pea, potato, andrapeseedoil. RESULTS Carbohydrate and lignin values ranged from 584 g kg−1 dry matter in kale to 910 g kg−1 DM in potato, but with significant differences in the proportion of sugars, starch, non-starch polysaccharides, and lignin between the food stuffs. Triacylglycerol was the major lipid class in pea, with 82% of total fatty acids, as opposed to apple, with only 35% of fatty acids of the ether extract. The most important factor influence in the digestibility of energy, and consequently faecal bulking, was the content of dietary fibre. CONCLUSION The cultivation system had minor impact on the carbohydrate and lipid composition in the investigated foodstuffs or on the digestibility of energy when assessed in the ratmodel. Faecal bulking was related to dietary fibre in a linear fashion

Laboratorio empresarial de las pymes: una experiencia en región lagunera de Coahuila

Small and medium enterprises –SMES– have been the center of attention of numerous works in recent years. Regardless, they still need strategic and operating foundations, and alliances that continuously provide opportunities to improve their competitiveness. This Business Lab –LE– carries out regional studies in the State of Coahuila in Mexico. It also facilitates the auto-diagnosis of the business model and the definition of strategies for change, thereby designing cooperative strategies of innovation under a model of Triple Helix, providing a virtual connection between the company and the university. The results achieved in the design, validation, and creation of the system of the business laboratory work as well as the results of a significant sample of businesses that accessed our web site, or answered the structured interview. We achieved a degree of similarity between the perception of the owner in regards to his business and the theoretical business model that we designed. Therefore, the model serves as reference for the valuation of the diagnosed SME’S performance.Las pequeñas y medianas empresas –pymes– han sido en los últimos años el centro de atención de numerosos trabajos; no obstante, aún siguen necesitadas de fundamentos estratégicos, operativos y de alianzas que, de forma continua, les brinden oportunidades para mejorar su competitividad. Este Laboratorio Empresarial –LE– realiza estudios regionales dentro del Estado de Coahuila y facilita el auto-diagnóstico del modelo de negocio y la definición de estrategias de cambio, diseña estrategias cooperativas de innovación bajo un modelo de Triple Hélice, ofreciendo un sitio de conexión virtual entre la empresa y la universidad. Se presentan los resultados alcanzados en el diseño, validación y conformación del sistema de trabajo del Laboratorio Empresarial, así como los de indagación empírica con muestra significativa de empresarios en donde se puede apreciar el grado de similitud que existe entre la percepción que el empresario tiene del funcionamiento de su empresa y el modelo de negocios teórico que hemos diseñado y que sirve de referencia para la evaluación del funcionamiento de la PYME