Economics of library binding

Since book acquisition funds have become more scarce, libraries are unable to pay higher prices for hard cover books that often circulate the same number of times as less expensive paper back books. Therefore, to increase the number of circulations libraries must send books to be either prebound or rebound. A national survey by the American Library Association (ALA) shows that the average trade book might last only 20 to 25 circulations, but books prebound or rebound according to the LBI standard will last at least 100 circulations. The librarian will have to choose whether to replace deteriorated trade books with new ones in order to achieve the same number of circulations as prebound or rebound books. This study concentrates on investigating and determining a cost effective model for rebinding or prebinding books according to specifications of the Library Binding Institute. First, the number of circulations of a rebound and prebound book of a certain price was obtained. The purpose was to set a data base and establish a relation between a cost-effective number of circulations and price of the books plus the cost of rebinding or prebinding. Second, the breakeven number of circulations was determined. In addition, other variables were included such as: thickness; dimension (trim size); type of binding, perfect bound or sewn; the type of cover, hard or paper back editions. The purpose was to provide the librarian with a graph that will aid them in their decision as to whether or not to rebind. This research may also aid in the decision to purchase prebound books. Third, the savings from choosing to rebind or prebind as compared to replacing deteriorated books, were also determined. Finally, a pareto analysis was conducted to identify the most common causes of deterioration of a book. The results showed that the number of circulations was affected strongly by such factors as: ways in which books are handled by users; usage of the books inside the library; photocopying of books; various standards used by libraries to determine when a book should be sent to rebinding; and inadequate storage of books on shelves. Furthermore, two graphs were made to aid the librarian in deciding whether to rebind, to prebind or to keep the book with its original binding. Both graphs, one for hard cover books and one for paper back books, indicate there will be an increase in the cost effective number of circulations as the original purchasing price increases. The results also indicated that the original method of binding, i.e. paperback vs. hard cover was significant. However, dimension (the size of the book) proved to be only significant in the case of paper back books. In addition, the decisions to prebind or rebind was found to be more cost-effective when compared to replacing deteriorated bindings with new ones. Finally, it was concluded that the major problems that caused circulating library books to deteriorate were broken or damaged spines and damaged covers

Influence of different cultivation methods on carbohydrate and lipid compositions and digestibility of energy of fruits and vegetables

BACKGROUND Environmental as well as cultivation factors may greatly influence the chemical composition of plants. The main factors affecting the chemical composition of foodstuff are level and type of fertilizer (conventional and organic cultivation systems), location or soil type, and year of harvest. Organic foods are defined as products that are produced under controlled cultivation conditions characterized by the absence of synthetic fertilisers and very restricted use of pesticides. Very limited information is available regarding the impact of organic cultivation systems on the composition of carbohydrates and fatty acids of fruits and vegetables. The objective was to investigate the influence of organic and conventional cultivation systems on the carbohydrate and fatty acid composition and digestibility of the energy of apple, carrot, kale, pea, potato, andrapeseedoil. RESULTS Carbohydrate and lignin values ranged from 584 g kg−1 dry matter in kale to 910 g kg−1 DM in potato, but with significant differences in the proportion of sugars, starch, non-starch polysaccharides, and lignin between the food stuffs. Triacylglycerol was the major lipid class in pea, with 82% of total fatty acids, as opposed to apple, with only 35% of fatty acids of the ether extract. The most important factor influence in the digestibility of energy, and consequently faecal bulking, was the content of dietary fibre. CONCLUSION The cultivation system had minor impact on the carbohydrate and lipid composition in the investigated foodstuffs or on the digestibility of energy when assessed in the ratmodel. Faecal bulking was related to dietary fibre in a linear fashion

Spray Dried, Pasteurised Bovine Colostrum Protects Against Gut Dysfunction and Inflammation in Preterm Pigs

Objective: Feeding bovine colostrum (BC) improves gut maturation and function and protects against necrotizing enterocolitis, relative to formula in newborn preterm pigs. Before BC can be used for preterm infants, it is important to test if the milk processing, required to reduce bacterial load and increase shelf life, may affect bioactivity and efficacy of a BC product. Methods: We investigated if spray dried, pasteurised BC had protective effects on gut function in preterm pigs, relative to formula. After a 2-day total parenteral nutrition period, preterm pigs were fed formula for a few hours (to induce a proinflammatory state) followed by 2 days of formula (FORM, n=14), BC (colostrum [COLOS], n=14), spray-dried BC (POW, n=8), or pasteurised, spray-dried BC (POWPAS, n=9). Results: Spray drying and pasteurisation of BC decreased the concentration of transforming growth factor-β1, -β2 and increased protein aggregation. All of the 3 BC groups had reduced necrotizing enterocolitis severity, small intestinal levels of IL-1β, -8, and colonic lactic acid levels, and increased intestinal villus height, hexose absorption, and digestive enzyme activities, relative to the FORM group (all P&lt;0.05). All of the 3 BC diets stimulated epithelial cell migration in a wound-healing model with IEC-6 cells. Conclusions: Spray drying and pasteurisation affect BC proteins, but do not reduce the trophic and anti-inflammatory effects of BC on the immature intestine. It remains to be studied if BC products will benefit preterm infants just after birth when human milk is often not available.</p

Butyrylation of Maize and Potato Starches and Characterization of the Products by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and In Vitro Fermentation

Intake of butyrylated starches may increase colonic butyrate supply, which can be of public health and clinical benefit by maintaining colonic health. The objective was to investigate if an organocatalytic method with tartaric acid as a catalyst could be applied to produce butyrylated products from different starch sources and to characterize their chemical structure and fermentation capability by using solid-state 13C MAS NMR (magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy and an in vitro fermentation model, respectively. Low-amylose and high-amylose potato starch (LAPS and HAPS) and low-amylose and high-amylose maize starch (LAMS and HAMS) were subjected to organocatalytic butyrylation. This resulted in products with an increasing degree of substitution (DS) measured by heterogenous saponification and back titration with the HCl (chemical method) depending on reaction time. NMR analysis, however, showed that the major part of the acylation was induced by tartarate (75&ndash;89%) and only a minor part (11&ndash;25%) by butyrate. Generally, the chemical method overestimated the DS by 38% to 91% compared with the DS determination by NMR. Increasing the DS appeared to lower the in vitro fermentation capability of starches independent of the starch source and, therefore, do not seem to present a feasible method to deliver more butyrate to the colon than lower DS products

Liquen escleroso vulvar: revisión de la enfermedad y propuesta de creación de una base de datos en el Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital Universitario Cruces

[ES] Antecedentes: El LEV constituye una de las consultas más frecuentes relacionadas con el malestar y las molestias vulvares femeninas. Además, es bien conocido que la enfermedad presenta un gran impacto sobre la calidad de vida de las pacientes que la padecen. Aun así, no existe un tratamiento curativo ni protocolos estandarizados para aquellos casos refractarios al de primera línea. Es por ello que nos vemos en la obligación de ofrecer alternativas terapéuticas para estas pacientes, como lo es el tratamiento con láser CO2 fraccionado. Objetivos: Este trabajo tiene dos objetivos principales: (1) realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura disponible sobre el LEV y el manejo terapéutico de las lesiones vulvares mediante láser CO2 fraccionado y (2) realizar una base de recogida de datos oficial con el objetivo de implementarla en consulta para las pacientes tratadas con láser CO2 fraccionado en el S. Dermatología del HUC. Conclusiones: A día de hoy la utilidad del láser CO2 fraccionado en el tratamiento del LEV sigue sin haberse demostrado con un nivel de evidencia suficiente, pues existen pocos ensayos aleatorizados realizados, y los estudios siguen una metodología pobre y muy heterogénea, por lo que el análisis y la comparación entre ellos es complicada. Aunque los resultados en ensayos clínicos son variables respecto a ser clínicamente significativos o no, por lo general los resultados son positivos al igual que en las series de casos. El conocimiento de la eficacia y la seguridad de la administración del láser CO2 fraccionado es fundamental para poder mejorar la asistencia de todas las pacientes que lo necesiten. Para poder profundizar en este conocimiento, es necesaria la recogida de datos procedentes del efecto del tratamiento en la clínica de las pacientes, así como en su calidad de vida. Para ello, hemos planteado la implementación de ciertas escalas de valoración terapéutica en la práctica asistencial, que permiten recoger los datos más relevantes en el proceso de la enfermedad: sintomatología subjetiva de las pacientes, manifestaciones clínicas objetivadas por el profesional clínico, satisfacción general respecto al tratamiento y la evolución en la calidad de vida

Resistant starch reduces large intestinal pH and promotes fecal lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in pigs

Research Areas: Agriculture. Veterinary SciencesABSTRACT - Dietary resistant starch (RS) may have prebiotic properties but its effects on fermentation and the microbial population are inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to quantify the relationship between RS type 2 (RS2) and intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and pH as well as certain key bacterial taxa for intestinal health in pigs. From the 24 included articles with sufficient information about the animal, and dietary and physiological measurements published between 2000 and 2017, individual sub-data sets for fermentation metabolites, pH, bacterial abundances and apparent total tract digestibility were built and used to parameterize prediction models on the effect of RS2, accounting for inter- and intra-study variability. In addition, the effect of pig's BW at the start of the experiment and duration of the experimental period on response variables were also evaluated using backward elimination analysis. Dietary RS levels ranged from 0% to 78.0% RS, with median and mean RS levels of 28.8% and 210%, respectively. Negative relationships could be established between dietary RS and pH in the large intestine (P < 0.05), with a stronger effect in the mid and distal colon, and feces (R = 0.64 to 0.81; P < 0.001). A dietary level of 15% RS would lower the pH in the proximal, mid-, distal colon and feces by 0.2, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.6 units, respectively. Increasing RS levels, however, did not affect SCFA concentrations in the hindgut, but enhanced the molar proportion of propionate in mid-colon and reduced those of acetate in mid-colon and of butyrate in mid- and distal colon (R-2 = 0.46 to 0.52; P < 0.05). Backward elimination indicated an age-related decrease in mid-colonic propionate proportion and increase in mid- and distal colonic butyrate proportion (P < 0.05), thereby modulating RS2 effects. In feces, increasing RS levels promoted fecal lactobacilli (R-2 = 0.46; P < 0.01) and bifidobacteria (R-2 = 0.57; P < 0.01), whereby the slope showed the need for a minimal RS level of 10% for a 0.5 log unit-increase in their abundance. Best-fit equations further supported that a longer experimental period increased fecal lactobacilli but decreased fecal bifidobacteria (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary RS2 seems to effectively decrease digesta pH throughout the large intestine and increase lactic acid-producing bacteria in feces of pigs which may limit the growth of opportunistic pathogens in the hindgut. To achieve these physiologically relevant changes, dietary RS should surpass 10% to 15%.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Antibakterielle planter som fodertilsætning som erstatning for antibiotika, zink og kobber til fravænningsgrise

Power point foredag under temaet ’Antibiotikafri grise’ om MAFFRA projektets resultater, herunder især fokus på pilot forsøg med grise fodret med antibakterielt plantecocktail. Kopi på Økologikongressens hjemmeside