Epidemiología del tabaquismo en los estudiantes de ciencias de la salud

The characteristics of tobacco use by students of the Division of Health Sciences of the University of Barcelona have been studied. During the 1988-1989 school year, 382 students were individually interviewed about their use of tobacco by means of a questionnaire routinely used by the Department of Health and Social Security of the Generalitat of Catalonia (Spain), with pertinent modifications for this specific group. These interviews were performed by appropriately trained personnel. Information was also gathered on the influence of university-level studies on smoking habits, the effect of advertising and the efficacy of antitobacco programs and campaigns carried out by the government. The study sample was drawn from lists supplied by the registrars' offices, by means of a random sampling by school (Medicine, Pharmacy, Psychology, Odontology and Nursing). The prevalence of tobacco use was 40.8% (29.8% daily smokers and 11% occasional smokers). These results are similar to those described in the literature, although these values are somewhat higher than those in more developed countries with a longer tradition of resistance to the use of tobacco. It is important to note that studying health sciences does not appera to be a major influence on the student's habits, but that the social and cultural environment is the factor which weighs the most in this respect. In conclusion, to reduce the prevalence of tobacco use in this important group, educational programs must be begun at the pre-university level (secundary school) and changes should be made in the curricula of the health professional so that areas related to tobacco use are more motivational for students.Las características del hábito tabáquico en los estudiantes de la División de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de Barcelona han sido estudiadas en este trabajo. Durante el Curso Académico 1988-89, 382 alumnos han sido entrevistados individualmente en relación al tabaquismo, mediante el cuestionario utilizado habitualmente por el Departamento de Sanidad y Segundad Social de la Generalidad de Cataluña (España), con las modificaciones más oportunas para este colectivo específico. Asimismo se ha recogido información relacionada con la influencia de los estudios universitarios en el hábito de fumar, la autorización de la publicidad y la eficacia de los programas y campañas de lucha antitabaco desarrollados por las Administraciones públicas. La prevalencia de tabaquismo ha sido del 40,8% (29,8% de fumadores habituales y 11% de fumadores ocasionales). Hay que remarcar que los estudios relacionados con la salud no parecen influir de forma destacada en el hábito de los estudiantes, siendo el entorno cultural y social los factores que tienen un papel más determinante en este sentido. Como conclusión final señalar que, para disminuir la prevalencia de tabaquismo en este importante colectivo, hay que instaurar programas educativos a nivel de la escolarización pre-universitaria (bachillerato unificado polivalente y curso de orientación universitaria), e introducir modificaciones en los futuros planes de estudio de las profesiones sanitarias, de manera que los contenidos relacionados con el tabaco sean más motivadores para los alumnos.Foram estudadas as características do habito de fumar nos estudantes de ciências da saúde da Universidade de Barcelona. Durante o ano letivo 1988-89 foram entrevistados 382 alunos em relação ao uso do fumo, por meio de questionário rotinamente utilizado por um Departamento daquela Universidade, no qual foram efetuadas modificações pertinentes ao grupo estudado. Foram obtidas informações relacionadas com a influência dos estudos universitários no hábito de fumar, com os efeitos da publicidade e com a eficácia dos programas e das campanhas da luta anti-fumo desenvolvidos pelas administrações públicas. A amostra foi obtida a partir das listagens fornecidas pelas diferentes secretarias administrativas, por meio de uma amostragem aleatória estratificada por Faculdades (Medicina, Farmácia, Psicologia, Odontologia e Enfermagem). A prevalência do tabagismo foi de 40,8% (29,8% de fumantes habituais e 11% ocasionais). Os estudos relacionados com a saúde não parecem influir, de um forma destacada, no hábito dos estudantes, sendo o meio cultural e social o fator que exerce papel mais determinante nesse sentido. Assinala-se que, para poder diminuir a prevalência do fumo nesse importante grupo, devem-se iniciar programas educativos ao nível de escolarização pré-universitária (bacharelato unificado polivalente e curso de orientação universitária) e introduzir modificações nos futuros planos de estudo das profissões sanitárias, de forma a que os conteúdos relacionados com o fumo sejam canais motivadores para os alunos

Exonuclease VII repairs quinolone-induced damage by resolving DNA gyrase cleavage complexes

The widely used quinolone antibiotics act by trapping prokaryotic type IIA topoisomerases, resulting in irreversible topoisomerase cleavage complexes (TOPcc). Whereas the excision repair pathways of TOPcc in eukaryotes have been extensively studied, it is not known whether equivalent repair pathways for prokaryotic TOPcc exist. By combining genetic, biochemical, and molecular biology approaches, we demonstrate that exonuclease VII (ExoVII) excises quinolone-induced trapped DNA gyrase, an essential prokaryotic type IIA topoisomerase. We show that ExoVII repairs trapped type IIA TOPcc and that ExoVII displays tyrosyl nuclease activity for the tyrosyl-DNA linkage on the 5′-DNA overhangs corresponding to trapped type IIA TOPcc. ExoVII-deficient bacteria fail to remove trapped DNA gyrase, consistent with their hypersensitivity to quinolones. We also identify an ExoVII inhibitor that synergizes with the antimicrobial activity of quinolones, including in quinolone-resistant bacterial strains, further demonstrating the functional importance of ExoVII for the repair of type IIA TOPcc

Exonuclease VII repairs quinolone-induced damage by resolving DNA gyrase cleavage complexes

The widely used quinolone antibiotics act by trapping prokaryotic type IIA topoisomerases, resulting in irreversible topoisomerase cleavage complexes (TOPcc). Whereas the excision repair pathways of TOPcc in eukaryotes have been extensively studied, it is not known whether equivalent repair pathways for prokaryotic TOPcc exist. By combining genetic, biochemical, and molecular biology approaches, we demonstrate that exonuclease VII (ExoVII) excises quinolone-induced trapped DNA gyrase, an essential prokaryotic type IIA topoisomerase. We show that ExoVII repairs trapped type IIA TOPcc and that ExoVII displays tyrosyl nuclease activity for the tyrosyl-DNA linkage on the 5\u27-DNA overhangs corresponding to trapped type IIA TOPcc. ExoVII-deficient bacteria fail to remove trapped DNA gyrase, consistent with their hypersensitivity to quinolones. We also identify an ExoVII inhibitor that synergizes with the antimicrobial activity of quinolones, including in quinolone-resistant bacterial strains, further demonstrating the functional importance of ExoVII for the repair of type IIA TOPcc

53BP1 Enforces Distinct Pre- and Post-resection Blocks on Homologous Recombination.

53BP1 activity drives genome instability and lethality in BRCA1-deficient mice by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR). The anti-recombinogenic functions of 53BP1 require phosphorylation-dependent interactions with PTIP and RIF1/shieldin effector complexes. While RIF1/shieldin blocks 5'-3' nucleolytic processing of DNA ends, it remains unclear how PTIP antagonizes HR. Here, we show that mutation of the PTIP interaction site in 53BP1 (S25A) allows sufficient DNA2-dependent end resection to rescue the lethality of BRCA1Δ11 mice, despite increasing RIF1 "end-blocking" at DNA damage sites. However, double-mutant cells fail to complete HR, as excessive shieldin activity also inhibits RNF168-mediated loading of PALB2/RAD51. As a result, BRCA1Δ1153BP1S25A mice exhibit hallmark features of HR insufficiency, including premature aging and hypersensitivity to PARPi. Disruption of shieldin or forced targeting of PALB2 to ssDNA in BRCA1D1153BP1S25A cells restores RNF168 recruitment, RAD51 nucleofilament formation, and PARPi resistance. Our study therefore reveals a critical function of shieldin post-resection that limits the loading of RAD51.We thank Anthony Tubbs for comments on the paper; Jennifer Mehalko and Dom Esposito (Protein Expression Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research) for transgenic constructs; Karim Baktiar, Diana Haines, and Elijah Edmonson (Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research) for rodent necropsy, pathology analysis, and imaging; Joseph Kalen and Nimit Patel (Small Animal Imaging Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research) for X-ray computed tomography (CT) scan imaging; Jennifer Wise and Kelly Smith for assistance with animal work; Davide Robbiani and Kai Ge for antibodies; Dan Durocher for shieldin constructs; David Goldstein and the CCR Genomics core for sequencing support; and Neil Johnson for discussions. Research in the J.M.S. laboratory is supported by NIH grant R01CA197506. Research in the N.M. laboratory is supported by NIH grant R01 227001. The A.N. laboratory is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, an Ellison Medical Foundation Senior Scholar in Aging Award (AG-SS-2633-11), the Department of Defense Idea Expansion (W81XWH-15-2-006) and Breakthrough (W81XWH-16-1-599) Awards, the Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation Award, and an NIH Intramural FLEX Award.S

Isotemporal substitution of inactive time with physical activity and time in bed: cross-sectional associations with cardiometabolic health in the PREDIMEDPlus study

Background: This study explored the association between inactive time and measures of adiposity, clinical parameters, obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome components. It further examined the impact of reallocating inactive time to time in bed, light physical activity (LPA) or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on cardio-metabolic risk factors, including measures of adiposity and body composition, biochemical parameters and blood pressure in older adults. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 2189 Caucasian men and women (age 55-75 years, BMI 27-40 Kg/m2) from the PREDIMED-Plus study (http://www.predimedplus.com/). All participants had ≥3 components of the metabolic syndrome. Inactive time, physical activity and time in bed were objectively determined using triaxial accelerometers GENEActiv during 7 days (ActivInsights Ltd., Kimbolton, United Kingdom). Multiple adjusted linear and logistic regression models were used. Isotemporal substitution regression modelling was performed to assess the relationship of replacing the amount of time spent in one activity for another, on each outcome, including measures of adiposity and body composition, biochemical parameters and blood pressure in older adults. Results: Inactive time was associated with indicators of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Reallocating 30 min per day of inactive time to 30 min per day of time in bed was associated with lower BMI, waist circumference and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (all p-values < 0.05). Reallocating 30 min per day of inactive time with 30 min per day of LPA or MVPA was associated with lower BMI, waist circumference, total fat, visceral adipose tissue, HbA1c, glucose, triglycerides, and higher body muscle mass and HDL cholesterol (all p-values < 0.05). Conclusions: Inactive time was associated with a poor cardio-metabolic profile. Isotemporal substitution of inactive time with MVPA and LPA or time in bed could have beneficial impact on cardio-metabolic health

Long daytime napping is associated with increased adiposity and type 2 diabetes in an elderly population with metabolic syndrome

Research examining associations between objectively-measured napping time and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate daytime napping in relation to T2D and adiposity measures in elderly individuals from the Mediterranean region. A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 2190 elderly participants with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome, in the PREDIMED-Plus trial, was carried out. Accelerometer-derived napping was measured. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for T2D were obtained using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression with constant time. Linear regression models were fitted to examine associations of napping with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Participants napping ≥90 min had a higher prevalence of T2D (PR 1.37 (1.06, 1.78)) compared with those napping 5 to <30 min per day. Significant positive associations with BMI and WC were found in those participants napping ≥30 min as compared to those napping 5 to <30 min per day. The findings of this study suggest that longer daytime napping is associated with higher T2D prevalence and greater adiposity measures in an elderly Spanish population at high cardiovascular risk

Seafood Consumption, Omega-3 Fatty Acids Intake, and Life-Time Prevalence of Depression in the PREDIMED-Plus Trial

Background: The aim of this analysis was to ascertain the type of relationship between fish and seafood consumption, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) intake, and depression prevalence. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses of the PREDIMED-Plus trial. Fish and seafood consumption and ω-3 PUFA intake were assessed through a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Self-reported life-time medical diagnosis of depression or use of antidepressants was considered as outcome. Depressive symptoms were collected by the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between seafood products and ω-3 PUFA consumption and depression. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to assess the association between fish and long-chain (LC) ω-3 PUFA intake and depressive symptoms. Results: Out of 6587 participants, there were 1367 cases of depression. Total seafood consumption was not associated with depression. The odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quintiles of consumption of fatty fish were 0.77 (0.63–0.94), 0.71 (0.58–0.87), and 0.78 (0.64–0.96), respectively, and p for trend = 0.759. Moderate intake of total LC ω-3 PUFA (approximately 0.5–1 g/day) was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of depression. Conclusion: In our study, moderate fish and LC ω-3 PUFA intake, but not high intake, was associated with lower odds of depression suggesting a U-shaped relationship

Dietary diversity and nutritional adequacy among an older Spanish population with Metabolic Syndrome in the PREDIMED-Plus study: a cross-sectional analysis

Dietary guidelines emphasize the importance of a varied diet to provide an adequate nutrient intake. However, an older age is often associated with consumption of monotonous diets that can be nutritionally inadequate, increasing the risk for the development or progression of diet-related chronic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS). To assess the association between dietary diversity (DD) and nutrient intake adequacy and to identify demographic variables associated with DD, we cross-sectionally analyzed baseline data from the PREDIMED-Plus trial: 6587 Spanish adults aged 55–75 years, with overweight/obesity who also had MetS. An energy-adjusted dietary diversity score (DDS) was calculated using a 143-item validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Nutrient inadequacy was defined as an intake below 2/3 of the dietary reference intake (DRI) forat least four of 17 nutrients proposed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between DDS and the risk of nutritionally inadequate intakes. In the higher DDS quartile there were more women and less current smokers. Compared with subjects in the highest DDS quartile, those in the lowest DDS quartile had a higher risk of inadequate nutrient intake: odds ratio (OR) = 28.56 (95% confidence interval (CI) 20.80–39.21). When we estimated food varietyfor each of the food groups, participants in the lowest quartile had a higher risk of inadequate nutrient intake for the groups of vegetables, OR = 14.03 (95% CI 10.55–18.65), fruits OR = 11.62 (95% CI 6.81–19.81), dairy products OR = 6.54 (95% CI 4.64–9.22) and protein foods OR = 6.60 (95% CI 1.96–22.24). As DDS decreased, the risk of inadequate nutrients intake rose. Given the impact of nutrient intake adequacy on the prevention of non-communicable diseases, health policies should focus on the promotion of a healthy varied diet, specifically promoting the intake of vegetables and fruit among population groups with lower DDS such as men, smokers or widow(er)s. View Full-Tex

La multitemporalidad como trabajo práctico: una experiencia sobre la utilidad de la enseñanza de la historia en la carrera de Trabajo Social

En el siguiente trabajo nos proponemos presentar una propuesta pedagógica, en el marco de la asignatura de Historia de la carrera de Trabajo Social, para la comprensión de la existencia de diferentes temporalidades en la intervención profesional de un/a trabajador/a social. Puesto que esta profesión estuvo fuertemente vinculada con la medicina, nos preguntamos, a fin de realizar un diagnóstico, de qué modo es percibida por los estudiantes esta relación, en particular entre la historia y el Trabajo Social, con el objetivo de avanzar en mejores estrategias didácticas en la construcción del conocimiento histórico