96 research outputs found
Settling of an asymmetric dumbbell in a quiescent fluid
We compute the hydrodynamic torque on a dumbbell (two spheres linked by a
massless rigid rod) settling in a quiescent fluid at small but finite Reynolds
number. The spheres have the same mass densities but different sizes. When the
sizes are quite different the dumbbell settles vertically, aligned with the
direction of gravity, the largest sphere first. But when the size difference is
sufficiently small then its steady-state angle is determined by a competition
between the size difference and the Reynolds number. When the sizes of the
spheres are exactly equal then fluid inertia causes the dumbbell to settle in a
horizontal orientation.Comment: 11 pages, 1 figure, as publishe
Effect of weak fluid inertia upon Jeffery orbits
We consider the rotation of small neutrally buoyant axisymmetric particles in
a viscous steady shear flow. When inertial effects are negligible the problem
exhibits infinitely many periodic solutions, the "Jeffery orbits". We compute
how inertial effects lift their degeneracy by perturbatively solving the
coupled particle-flow equations. We obtain an equation of motion valid at small
shear Reynolds numbers, for spheroidal particles with arbitrary aspect ratios.
We analyse how the linear stability of the \lq log-rolling\rq{} orbit depends
on particle shape and find it to be unstable for prolate spheroids. This
resolves a puzzle in the interpretation of direct numerical simulations of the
problem. In general both unsteady and non-linear terms in the Navier-Stokes
equations are important.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure
Super-diffusion around the rigidity transition: Levy and the Lilliputians
By analyzing the displacement statistics of an assembly of horizontally
vibrated bidisperse frictional grains in the vicinity of the jamming transition
experimentally studied before, we establish that their superdiffusive motion is
a genuine Levy flight, but with `jump' size very small compared to the diameter
of the grains. The vibration induces a broad distribution of jumps that are
random in time, but correlated in space, and that can be interpreted as
micro-crack events at all scales. As the volume fraction departs from the
critical jamming density, this distribution is truncated at a smaller and
smaller jump size, inducing a crossover towards standard diffusive motion at
long times. This interpretation contrasts with the idea of temporally
persistent, spatially correlated currents and raises new issues regarding the
analysis of the dynamics in terms of vibrational modes.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure
Rotation of a spheroid in a simple shear at small Reynolds number
We derive an effective equation of motion for the orientational dynamics of a
neutrally buoyant spheroid suspended in a simple shear flow, valid for
arbitrary particle aspect ratios and to linear order in the shear Reynolds
number. We show how inertial effects lift the degeneracy of the Jeffery orbits
and determine the stabilities of the log-rolling and tumbling orbits at
infinitesimal shear Reynolds numbers. For prolate spheroids we find stable
tumbling in the shear plane, log-rolling is unstable. For oblate particles, by
contrast, log-rolling is stable and tumbling is unstable provided that the
aspect ratio is larger than a critical value. When the aspect ratio is smaller
than this value tumbling turns stable, and an unstable limit cycle is born.Comment: 25 pages, 5 figure
Inertial torque on a squirmer
A small spheroid settling in a quiescent fluid experiences an inertial torque
that aligns it so that it settles with its broad side first. Here we show that
an active particle experiences such a torque too, as it settles in a fluid at
rest. For a spherical squirmer, the torque is
where is the swimming velocity,
is the settling velocity in the Stokes approximation,
and is the equivalent fluid mass. This torque aligns the swimming
direction against gravity: swimming up is stable, swimming down is unstable.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure
Hydrodynamic force on a small squirmer moving with a time-dependent velocity at small Reynolds numbers
We calculate the hydrodynamic force on a small spherical, unsteady squirmer
moving with a time-dependent velocity in a fluid at rest, taking into account
convective and unsteady fluid-inertia effects in perturbation theory. Our
results generalise those of Lovalenti and Brady (1993) from passive to active
spherical particles. We find that convective inertia changes the history
contribution to the hydrodynamic force, as it does for passive particles. We
determine how the hydrodynamic force depends on the swimming gait of the
unsteady squirmer. Since swimming breaks the spherical symmetry of the problem,
the force is not completely determined by the outer solution of the
asymptotic-matching problem, as it is for passive spheres. There are additional
contributions brought by the inhomogeneous solution of the inner problem. We
also compute the disturbance flow, illustrating convective and unsteady
fluid-inertia effects for a sudden start of the centre-of-mass motion, and for
swimming with a periodic gait. We discuss the implications of our findings for
small motile organisms in a marine environment.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figure
The role of inertia for the rotation of a nearly spherical particle in a general linear flow
We analyse the angular dynamics of a neutrally buoyant nearly spherical
particle immersed in a steady general linear flow. The hydrodynamic torque
acting on the particle is obtained by means of a reciprocal theorem, regular
perturbation theory exploiting the small eccentricity of the nearly spherical
particle, and assuming that inertial effects are small, but finite.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figur
The features of the lateral flow in the cross-section slice of an elongated body : experimental approach
Paper presented at the 9th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Malta, 16-18 July, 2012.The aim of this work is to identify experimentally the
features of the lateral flow in a cross-section slice of an
elongated body during locomotion. We use an experimen-
tal approach in the context of the undulatory swimming
of an elongated body. For that, two kinematic parameters
of the fish’s body are taking into account, the body’s cur-
vature and the cross-section diameter. We examine the
lateral flow field for different elliptical cylinder-shape, and
we perform the experiments using particle image velocime-
try (PIV) technique.dc201
Inertial drag on a sphere settling in a stratified fluid
We compute the drag force on a sphere settling slowly in a quiescent,
linearly stratified fluid. Stratification can significantly enhance the drag
experienced by the settling particle. The magnitude of this effect depends on
whether fluid-density transport around the settling particle is due to
diffusion, to advection by the disturbance flow caused by the particle, or due
to both. It therefore matters how efficiently the fluid disturbance is
convected away from the particle by fluid-inertial terms. When these terms
dominate, the Oseen drag force must be recovered. We compute by perturbation
theory how the Oseen drag is modified by diffusion and stratification. Our
results are in good agreement with recent direct-numerical simulation studies
of the problem at small Reynolds numbers and large (but not too large) Froude
numbers.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figur
Density, extractives and decay resistance variabilities within branch wood from four agroforestry hardwood species
Agroforestry practices like pruning trees to control the light flux to crops produce every year a large volume of branches which is valorized by farmers as mulching or energy fuel. However, according to the literature, the wood of branches shows higher rates of polyphenols than stem wood and this can open some new perspectives for branch exploitation. In this study, the wood properties (density, mechanical properties, extractive content and decay resistance) were determined on branches of different sizes from oak, chestnut, poplar and walnut trees collected in two agroforestry systems. These properties were evaluated according to the wood age and the sampling position along the radial and longitudinal axes of the branch. All samples were analyzed by NIR-Spectroscopy and a predicting model aimed to assess the branch wood properties has been developed. Wood characteristics largely vary between species and do not exactly follow the same trends from one species to another. Overall, hardwood density of branches is similar to that of trunks, the content in wood extractives follows similar evolutions, and the decay resistance of branch wood does not seem to be really impacted by its position along the branch. Reliable NIRS models were built to easily predict the wood density and extractives content of agroforestry branches. The extractives content and the decay resistance of branch hardwood appear to be substantially lower than those of trunks, which suggests a non-suitability of branch wood for developing highvalued green chemistry
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