Assessment fertigation effects on chemical composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Albarino

Vineyard management can influence the growth and yield components in the vineyards and therefore on the grape and wine quality. In this work, a chemical study was conducted (2014–2015) to examine the effect of fertigation on chemical composition of Albariño. A control (Rain-fed) and fertigation (60% and 100%) treatments were apply at same irrigation depth, where fertigation 100% is complete nutrient requirements to Albariño trellis system in this location (Rias Baixas AOC, NW Spain). Results showed that non-volatile compounds of Albariño musts were not affected by fertigation treatments. However, the effect of fertigation treatments on the volatile composition was observed. Terpenes and C13-norisoprenids were the most affected families of volatile compounds by fertigation treatments, where 60% fertigation exhibited the highest concentration, improving the wine aroma quality. Application of principal component analysis (PCA) showed a good separation of Albariño grape according to fertigation treatments and vintages.This work has been funded by Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI), Spain (Program CIEN) 'New vitivinicultural strategies for sustainability and increasing the competitiveness of the sector in the international market (VINySOST 2014)'S

Water Management Using Drones and Satellites in Agriculture

This document intends to be a presentation of the Special Issue “Water Management Using Drones and Satellites in Agriculture”. The objective of this Special Issue is to provide an overview of recent advances in the methodology of using remote sensing techniques for managing water in agricultural systems. Its eight peer-reviewed articles focus on three topics: new equipment for characterizing water bodies, development of satellite-based technologies for determining crop water requirements in order to enhance irrigation efficiency, and monitoring crop water status through proximal and remote sensing. Overall, these contributions explore new solutions for improving irrigation management and an efficient assessment of crop water needs, being of great value for both researchers and advisors.S

Impact of water stress and nutrition on Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Albariño’: Soil-plant water relationships, cumulative effects and productivity

The objective of the present study is to apply different systems of fertigation (rainfed, R; surface drip irrigation, DI, and subsurface drip irrigation, SDI) in Vitis vinifera (L.) cv. ‘Albariño’ to evaluate the cumulative effect of water stress (water stress integral) on yield parameters and to establish the relationship between indices and production. The study was conducted over four years (2010-2013) in a commercial vineyard (Galicia, NW Spain). The volumetric soil water content (θ) (with TDR) and predawn (ψp), midday (ψm) and stem (ψstem) leaf-water potential were determined with a water activity meter during the growing stages (flowering-harvest) from 2010-2013. The number of clusters, their weight and yield/vine were determined at harvest. Must composition was studied to evaluate nutrition treatments. Ψp is presented as the best indicator of the water status of the plant, and the sole use of θ is not recommended as a reference. The soil-plant water status variables were strongly correlated, especially between foliar variables (0.91<R2<0.98), with θ presenting the lowest reliability (0.28<R2<0.81). SDI was the treatment with the highest hydric comfort and greater yield/vine (6.1 kg) and weight per cluster (95.0 g), but lower elements concentration in must. The water stress integral showed that the veraison and harvest stages were very sensitive to water stress in vines. Linear relationships were established between Sψp and W (R2=0.65) and Y (R2=0.56) at veraison. The water stress integral is presented as a useful working tool for vine growers because it allows the prediction of future yield at early phenological statesResearch Network of the ‘Xestión Sostible da Empresa Agroalimentaria’ (IGSEA) of the Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC) (R2014/023)S

Caracterización del regadío en la zona regable del Valle de Lemos (Lugo, España)

El primer paso en la aplicación del Plan nacional de Regadíos (PNR) debe ser el análisis del uso del agua en los regadíos tradicionales. Para ello nos interesa definir las prácticas de riego habituales y evaluar la incidencia social del regadío en el ámbito rural. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos en el estudio realizado en la zona regable del Valle de Lemos (Lugo, España). Se ha realizado una encuesta de campo incluyendo aspectos técnicos y sociales, así como evaluaciones de riego en parcelas de ensayo repartidas entre las clases de suelos existentes. Esta zona se caracteriza por una baja eficiencia en el uso del agua, unas pérdidas importantes en la red de distribución, una estructura atomizada de la propiedad y un escaso aprovechamiento de las infraestructuras existentes. A pesar de estos inconvenientes, la existencia de una importante red de distribución y la disponibilidad de agua hacen de la modernizació

Determinación del estado hídrico del viñedo mediante el uso de imágenes térmicas y su influencia en la calidad y producción de la uva

[SPA] El contenido de agua en el viñedo, es actualmente un factor de elevada importancia, que afecta directamente a la producción y calidad final de la cosecha, cada vez más exigente por el consumidor. El uso de las nuevas tecnologías en el viñedo, es cada día más utilizado entre los viticultores. El empleo de drones que disponen de cámaras térmicas, permiten analizar información con respecto al estado hídrico del viñedo a lo largo de la campaña, pudiendo establecer de este modo, sistemas de riego eficientes, que aporten a la planta las necesidades hídricas en el momento adecuado, así como una buena gestión de un insumo tan relevante como es el agua. En el presente estudio, se han realizado dos vuelos de dron próximos a las fechas de envero y floración en la campaña 2019, de un viñedo de 10 ha situado en Rías Baixas y plantado con la variedad ‘Albariño’. Con estas imágenes se han podido generar mapas térmicos, que dividen el viñedo en zonas en las que las necesidades hídricas de las plantas muestran un comportamiento homogéneo. Se midió el potencial hídrico de tallo en 32 puntos de muestreo repartidos sobre una malla de 30x30 m, realizando las mediciones con una cámara de presión Scholander a mediodía solar. El principal objetivo, es el análisis a partir de la temperatura de vegetación y el Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI), siendo los métodos más utilizados para determinar el estado hídrico del viñedo, que permiten evaluar la respuesta de las imágenes térmicas obtenidas con el dron, con la influencia del estado hídrico de la planta en la producción y calidad de la cosecha final. Según los resultados obtenidos, el empleo de imágenes térmicas resulta un buen indicador del estado hídrico del viñedo, que permite realizar un manejo eficiente del mismo, para poder obtener una cosecha con buenos niveles de producción y calidad.[ENG] The water content in the vineyard is currently a important factor, that affects the production and quality of the harvest, which is increasingly demanding by the consumer. The use of new technologies in the vineyard is increasingly used among winegrowers. The use of drones that have thermal cameras, allow analyzing information regarding the water state of the vineyard throughout the campaign, that being able to establish efficient irrigation systems that provide the plant with water needs at the right time, as well as good management of an input as relevant as water. In the present study, two drone flights have been made close to the dates of ripening and flowering in the 2019 campaign, from a vineyard of 10 ha located in Rias Baixas and planted with ‘Albariño’ variety. With these images it has been posible to generate thermal maps, that show water needs balanced zones. Although, the stem water potential was measured at 32 sampling points spread over a 30x30 m mesh, making the measurements with a Scholander pressure chamber at solar noon. The main objective is the analysis based on the vegetation temperature and the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI), one of the most widely used methods to determine the water state of the ineyard, which allows evaluating the response of the thermal images obtained with the drone. As well as the influence of the hydric state of the plant on the production and quality of the final harvest. According to the results obtained, the use of thermal images is a good indicator of the water status of the vineyard, which allows efficient management, in order to obtain a harvest with good levels of production and quality.Al proyecto “ALBASOUL” Mar de Frades – Zamora Company

Agronomic Practices for Reducing Soil Erosion in Hillside Vineyards under Atlantic Climatic Conditions (Galicia, Spain)

Water erosion is a severe threat to soil resources, especially on cultivated lands, such as vineyards, which are extremely susceptible to soil losses. In this context, management practices aiming at reducing erosion risks must be favored. This current study aimed at estimating soil losses in two vineyards under Atlantic climatic conditions (Galicia, North West Spain). The capacity of two management practices for reducing soil erosion was tested and compared with tilled soil in the inter-rows: (i) application of mulching, and (ii) maintaining native vegetation. Soil losses were assessed using erosion pins and micro-plots. In addition, the improved stock unearthing method (ISUM) was employed in one of the vineyards to estimate soil remobilization since plantation. Soil loss rates in one of the vineyards were lower when soil was managed under mulching (0.36 Mg ha−1) and native vegetation (0.42 Mg ha−1), compared to tilled soil (0.84 Mg ha−1). Sediment losses measured in the second vineyard ranged between 0.21 and 0.69 Mg ha−1, depending on the treatment, but no clear conclusions could be drawn. Long-term soil loss, as estimated by ISUM, was of the same order of magnitude than that obtained by erosion pins and micro-plots. In both vineyards, soil loss rates were lower than those registered in Mediterranean vineyards, and were below the limit for sustainable erosion in Europe. Nevertheless, soil management practices alternative to tillage in the inter-row might reduce erosion risks under Atlantic climate conditionsThis research was funded by Interreg Atlantic Area with European Regional Development Fund, grant number EAPA_272/2016 project Risk-AquaSoilS

Efeitos da rega superficial e subsuperficial sobre a fisiologia e produção da variedade ‘Godello’ na Galiza, Noroeste de Espanha

Irrigation has been considered a controversial practice in European traditional viticulture due to potential alterations in the balance between vegetative growth and yield. In this regard, the influence of surface (DI) and subsurface (SDI) drip irrigation on physiological performance of the ‘Godello’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar was compared with a non-irrigated control (R) over three consecutive growing seasons (2012- 2014) in NW Spain. Irrigation improved vine water status; R plants reached a minimum of midday leaf water potential of –1.5 MPa, whereas DI and SDI plants reached –1.3 MPa. Stomatal conductance was unaffected by irrigation as well as chlorophyll a fluorescence. However, photosynthetic pigments were present at higher concentrations in leaves from irrigated plants than in those from R plants in 2013. In addition, R plants showed higher values for the indicators of oxidative damage. No significant yield improvements were observed for irrigated plants, although the trend was to obtain slightly higher yields under irrigation in years with low rainfall amounts. This may not encourage growers to establish irrigation systems on their vineyards. However, these results may be important with the objectives of stabilizing yield from year to yearA rega tem sido considerada uma prática controversa na viticultura tradicional Europeia devido a potenciais alterações no equilíbrio entre crescimento vegetativo e rendimento. A este respeito, a influência da irrigação por gotejamento superficial (DI) e subsuperficial (SDI) sobre o desempenho fisiológico da variedade ‘Godello’ (Vitis vinifera L.) foi comparada com uma testemunha em condições de sequeiro (R) ao longo de três anos consecutivos (2012-2014) no noroeste de Espanha. A rega melhorou o estado hídrico da videira; as plantas do tratamento R atingiram potenciais hídricos foliares ao meio-dia de –1.5 MPa, comparativamente a um valor de –1.3 MPa para as plantas dos tratamentos DI e SDI. A conductância estomática e a fluorescência da clorofila a não foram afectadas pela rega. No entanto, os pigmentos fotossintéticos apresentaram maiores concentrações em folhas de plantas regadas quando se comparam com as plantas do tratamento R em 2013. Além disso, as plantas do tratamento R apresentaram valores superiores para os indicadores de danos oxidativos. Não foi detectado nenhum incremento do rendimento nas plantas regadas, embora se tenha observado uma tendência para obtenção de rendimentos ligeiramente mais elevados sob rega em anos com baixa pluviosidade. Tal poderá não encorajar aos viticultores a implementar sistemas de rega nas suas vinhas. No entanto, estes resultados podem ser importantes para a estabilização do rendimento de ano para anoThis research was supported by the Spanish Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Project nº RTA2011-00041-C02-00, with 80% FEDER funds. J.M. Mirás-Avalos and E.M. Martínez thank Xunta de Galicia for funding their contracts through the “Isidro Parga Pondal” and “Isabel Barreto” Programmes. E. Trigo-Córdoba thanks INIA for their PhD scholarship (FPI-INIA)S

Efectos de la aplicación del riego en la vid. Metanálisis de resultados de ensayos realizados en España

El progresivo incremento de la superficie de viñedo en regadío en España responde a la necesidad de minimizar los efectos adversos del estrés hídrico sobre la calidad y el rendimiento de la uva. Los patrones variables de precipitaciones y el aumento de las temperaturas que actualmente se registran en los viñedos de clima mediterráneo están incrementando la demanda de recursos hídricos para el regadío. Resulta por tanto necesario promover el desarrollo de estrategias de optimización y uso eficiente del agua para reducir el riesgo de sobreexplotación de los recursos hídricos. El presente estudio analiza los efectos de la gestión del estado hídrico del viñedo sobre el rendimiento y la composición de la uva mediante un metanálisis que integra la información obtenida en numerosos experimentos realizados en diferentes viñedos a lo largo de la geografía nacional.Este estudio fue apoyado por los Proyectos PDC2021–121210–C21 y PDC2021-121210–C22 financiados por MICIN/AEI 10.13039/501100011033 y por la Unión Europea Next Generation EU/ PRTR.ViticultureVineyard water statusYield parametersGrape compositionViticulturaEstado hídricoParámetros productivosComposición de la uvaPublishe

Gestión de Aguas Residuales en el Ámbito Rural en Galicia, España

Este trabajo analiza la gestión de las aguas residuales procedentes de explotaciones agroganaderas mediante una encuesta a 4384 agricultores de Galicia, España. La Directiva Marco del Agua de la Unión Europea destaca la consideración del abastecimiento y saneamiento en las explotaciones agroganaderas. En el estudio se ha determinado la actitud y aptitud de los agricultores sobre la gestión del agua, con resultados variables en función del nivel de renta generado en la explotación. Se muestra que las explotaciones más competitivas son las que mayor disponibilidad muestran para adaptarse al nuevo marco legislativo