Optical microscopy on agrobacterium-mediated transient transformated arabidopsis nahg plants

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient transformation has demonstrated to be an invaluable tool in plant cell biology. However, low efficiency and inconsistency of this method in Arabidopsis has forced the implementation of Nicotiana benthamiana as a surrogate system, limiting applicability. Previous results suggested that hormone-mediated defence responses against bacteria might be responsible for the low efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation in Arabidopsis. In this work, we evaluate the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation in Arabidopsis genotypes affected in JA perception or signalling (coi1, jin1), or with low SA or JA content (sid2, NahG, aos). We demonstrate that expression of the NahG transgene dramatically improves this process. Arabidopsis NahG plants can be efficiently used for transient expression-based optical microscopy assays routinely performed in N. benthamiana, such as determination of subcellular localization of GFP-fused proteins or analysis of protein-protein interactions by Bimolecular Fluorescent Complementation. Considering the wide-spread use of Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation, this system can enormously facilitate research in the model plant Arabidopsis, allowing for an efficient use of the full potential of the numerous tools and resources currently available to the community.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Druri në identitetin arkitektonik – Një pasqyrë mbi zhvillimin e arkitekturës me bazë druri në Kosovë

Arkitektura tradicionale me bazë druri është trashëgimi e çmuar e Kosovës, që është zhvilluar në relacion me klimën, pozitën gjeografike, rrethanat politike, diversitetin e ndikimeve kulturore, qasjen në materiale ndërtimore dhe njohuritë në teknikat e ndërtimit. Në këtë kontekst, ky punim trajton tipologjitë e objekteve në dy aspekte: sistemet e ndërtimit tradicional dhe strukturat bashkëkohore, duke i analizuar dhe klasifikuar elementet strukturore si dhe duke i interpretuar vlerat arkitektonike. Është dhënë një përshkrim kronologjik që pason me shpjegim të detajuar. Janë paraqitur detaje dhe të dhëna teknike lidhur me mënyrat e ndërtimit duke u bazuar në literaturën përkatëse dhe studimin në terren të arkitekturës tradicionale dhe bashkëkohore me bazë druri. Për më tepër, është përshkruar artizanati dekorativ në dru i mjeshtrit popullor kosovar, që zë një pjesë të rëndësishme në shtëpinë tradicionale. Në përfundim, punimi pohon disa rezultate të kategorizuara duke pasuar me sugjerime përkatëse. Sugjerimet adresohen drejt rëndësisë së arkitekturës tradicionale dhe bashkëkohore me dru në Kosovë, rëndësisë së mbrojtjes dhe zhvillimit të mëtejshëm të aplikimit të drurit në ndërtimtari

A masterpiece by Sinan:Süleymaniye Camii

Taha Toros Arşivi, Dosya No: 102-Camilerİstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı (TR10/14/YEN/0033) İstanbul Development Agency (TR10/14/YEN/0033

Voices within wire fences: the first steps of the Spanish exile in France. A history that is still being written

El inicio de la ofensiva franquista contra Cataluña, en diciembre de 1938, provocó la huida generalizada de un amplio sector de la población que buscó asilo en el país vecino. Entre los meses de enero y febrero se contabilizó que cerca de 450,000 españoles habían cruzado los Pirineos. Como respuesta a esta llegada masiva el Gobierno francés alentó desde un primer momento las repatriaciones alcanzando acuerdos con el Gobierno de Burgos. Con una diferencia de cinco meses entre las dos guerras el ambiente prebélico que se vivía en Francia en verano de 1939 generó nuevas demandas que supusieron un cambio en la percepción de los exiliados y la creación de un exilio permanente a ambos lados del Atlántico.The beginning of the Francoist offensive against Catalonia, in December 1938, caused a widespread movement of people seeking asylum in the neighbour country. Between the months of January and February, nearly 450,000 Spanish refugees had crossed the Pyrenees. From the start, in response to this massive arrival of refugees, the French government promoted their repatriation, through agreements negotiated with the government in Burgos. With a lapse of time of five months between the two wars, the pre-war scenario in France in 1939 generated new demands that affected the perception on the refugees, configuring a permanent exile on both sides of the Atlantic

Afghanistan in transition: institution and security nexus

After more than a decade of NATO-led intervention, Afghanistan is now transitioning into a fully functioning state. Two main challenges lie ahead as NATO plans to withdraw its forces and turn security over to the Afghan government. The short-term challenge relates to guaranteeing an effective and efficient turnover of power to Afghan authorities. In the longer term, NATO wants to ensure a healthy consolidation of Afghan state institutions. The way in which NATO manages this turnover as well as its role in the transition’s aftermath will have immense implications on the evolution of the Afghan state. As such, the transatlantic alliance, as well as civil and military policy makers, are at a critical juncture in its Afghanistan endeavor. The transition from a stage of acute conflict to that of institutional consolidation will bring about new challenges for Afghanistan across a spectrum of policy issues. In this transition stage, Afghanistan needs not reinvent the wheel in many of the challenges it will face. Istanbul Policy Center in cooperation with USAK and the financial support of NATO Public Diplomacy Division convened a series of panels to further the debate on specific policy challenges facing NATO and the Afghan government during this transition. More specifically, these panels hosted experts in specific fields that we deemed may be critical to a healthy consolidation of the Afghan state. We chose the panel topics to address concrete policy challenges that stand at the security-economics-society nexus and that can lend themselves to specific policy proposals

Discerning the relationship between geminiviral infection and vesicle trafficking using virus induced gene silencing

Tomato yellow leaf curl disease is one of the most important threats to tomato crops worldwide. One of its causal agents, Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinian virus (TYLCSV) is a monopartite member of the genus Begomovirus from the family Geminiviridae. Due to the few proteins encoded by their viral genome, geminiviruses rely heavily on host cellular machineries and interact with a wide range of plant proteins to complete all processes required for infection, such as viral replication, movement and suppression or evasion of plant defence mechanisms. The identification of the host proteins involved in viral infection will be an important step towards the understanding of the mechanisms underlying this process. In our laboratory, transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants containing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression cassette flanked by two direct repeats of the intergenic region of TYLCSV have been constructed (2IR plants). When these plants are infected with TYLCSV, an overexpression of the reporter gene is observed in those cells where the virus is actively replicating. These plants have been used together with virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) in an effort to identify host genes involved in the infection process using a reverse genetics approach. Using this combined technique our group has identified two genes δ-COP and ARF 1, involved in retrograde vesicle trafficking, which are essential for the infectious process. We are currently assaying genes codifying proteins involved in different pathways of the vesicle trafficking system: Sar1b, γ subunit of AP1, Sec24, SYT1 and two that encode the heavy chain of triskelion proteins. Their effect over viral infection will be presented and discussedUniversidad de Málaga. Campues de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Identifying the function of vesicle trafficking in geminiviral infection using virus induced gene silencing

Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinian virus (TYLCSV) is one of the causal agent of the tomato yel-low leaf curl disease, one of the most important threats to tomato crops worldwide. TYLCSV is a monopartite member of the genus Begomovirus from the family Geminiviridae. To carry out a full infection, geminiviruses need to move inside the infected cell and from one cell to an-other for which they depend on diverse cellular factors. While cell-to-cell movement has been described to occur through plasmodesmata, the way in which geminiviruses move inside the host cells is yet unknown. The identification of the host proteins involved in viral infection will be an important step to-wards the understanding of the mechanisms underlying this process. In our laboratory, trans-genic Nicotianabenthamiana plants containing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression cassette flanked by two direct repeats of the intergenic region of TYLCSV have been construct-ed (2IR plants). When these plants are infected with TYLCSV, an overexpression of the reporter gene is observed in those cells where the virus replicates. These plants have been used to-gether with virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) in an effort to identify host genes involved in the infection process using a reverse genetics approach. Using this combined technique our group has identified two genes δ-COP and ARF 1, involved in retrograde vesicle trafficking, which are essential for the infectious process. We are current-ly assaying genes codifying proteins involved in different pathways of the vesicle trafficking system: Sar1b, γ subunit of AP1, Sec24, SYT1 and two that encode the heavy chain of triskelion proteins. Their effect over virus infection will be presented and discussed.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech