Purinergic signalling and immune cells

This review article provides a historical perspective on the role of purinergic signalling in the regulation of various subsets of immune cells from early discoveries to current understanding. It is now recognised that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and other nucleotides are released from cells following stress or injury. They can act on virtually all subsets of immune cells through a spectrum of P2X ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. Furthermore, ATP is rapidly degraded into adenosine by ectonucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73, and adenosine exerts additional regulatory effects through its own receptors. The resulting effect ranges from stimulation to tolerance depending on the amount and time courses of nucleotides released, and the balance between ATP and adenosine. This review identifies the various receptors involved in the different subsets of immune cells and their effects on the function of these cells

Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.

BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Acolhimento no sistema municipal de saúde 'Sheltering' in the municipal health system

O artigo apresenta uma revisão sobre a proposta de 'acolhimento', sua conceituação e dimensões. Discute a incorporação desta proposta e sua relação com os modelos de atenção à saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde. A partir dos conceitos mais correntes sobre 'acolhimento", sistematizados neste texto, e das principais experiências de implantação desenvolvidas, propõe identificar três grandes âmbitos de incorporação desta proposta. Descreve a experiência desenvolvida no município de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, particularmente o processo de implementação da proposta de 'acolhimento' nas unidades que compõem a rede de serviços de saúde, considerando as concepções sobre os modelos e as estratégias de mudança na organização da atenção à saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde.<br>This article is a review focusing on the proposal of "sheltering, "in the public health system including concept and scope. It discusses proposal application and relationship with the healthcare models of the Unified Health System. Based on more current concepts on "sheltering", systematized in this paper and the principal implementation experiences, the proposal is to determine the three major environments of implementation. It comprises the description of the experience developed in Vitória da Conquista in Bahia, particularly the implementation of a new "sheltering" concept in public healthcare units based on models and change strategies in the public health-care system of the Unified Health System