Circular economy and eco-innovations: a taxonomy of policy instruments

Recently, amidst increasingly pressing environmental concerns, the Circular Economy (CE) concept has been defended, by both scholars and practitioners, as an alternative to the ‘take-make-dispose’ economic paradigm by emulating the naturally occurring, selfrenovating cycles. The CE is enabled by and depends on various technological and nontechnological eco-innovations (EIs), i.e., innovations that cause a net positive environmental impact. The complex and systemic interrelations and feedback mechanisms implicated have attracted attention to the role of innovation policy in driving EIs. However, the circular economy – eco-innovation – innovation policy nexus is only now beginning to emerge in academic literature and more research is needed to detail the instruments involved and understand their interplay towards promoting an EI-mediated CE transition. In the present work, we analysed data collected through systematic literature review to propose and characterise an evidence-based, goal-oriented taxonomy for policy instruments. Thus, six core categories of policy instruments are explored: 1) R&D increase, 2) Non-financial capabilities, 3) Network capability, 4) Increase demand, 5) Regulations and Standards, and 6) Foresight activities. Our results highlight the complexity underpinning the design of innovation policy mixes. We conclude that an approach that, on one hand, targets the various stages in material cycles and on the other hand, considers policy instrument features and their complementarity seems to benefit the creation of ‘circular’ innovations and the CE transition.Recentemente, no meio de preocupações ambientais crescentes, o conceito da Economia Circular (EC) tem sido defendido, tanto por académicos como praticantes, como uma alternativa do paradigma económico ‘extrair-transformar-descartar’ emulando os ciclos naturais de autorregeneração. A EC é incitada por e depende em diversas EI tecnológicas e não-tecnológicas, i.e., inovações que causam um impacto ambiental líquido positivo. As inter-relações complexas e sistémicas e os mecanismos de reforço implicados têm vindo a chamar à atenção para o papel das políticas de inovação na incitação das EIs. No entanto, a conexão entre a economia circular – eco-inovações – políticas de inovação só agora começa a emergir na literatura académica e são necessários mais estudos para detalhar os instrumentos de política envolvidos e compreender os mecanismos que levam à promoção da transição para a EC mediada por EIs. Neste trabalho, analisámos dados recolhidos através de uma revisão de literatura sistemática de modo a concretizar e caracterizar uma taxonomia para instrumentos de política focada em diferentes objetivos e baseada em evidências da literatura. Seis categorias de instrumentos centrais são exploradas: 1) Aumento de I&D, 2) Capacidades não-financeiras, 3) Capacidades de rede, 4) Aumento da procura, 5) Regulação e padrões, e 6) Análise tendências futuras. Os resultados obtidos reforçam a complexidade subjacente ao desenho de políticas de inovação. Conclui-se que uma abordagem por um lado direcionada para as diversas etapas dos ciclos de materiais, por outro intencional nas características dos instrumentos de política e das suas complementaridades, parece beneficiar a criação de inovações ‘circulares’ e a transição para a EC

Nocturnal Jet Simulation Under Neutral Conditions by Theoretical Model

O jato noturno, ou jato de baixos níveis, ocorre normalmente emnoites de céu claro, i.e., sob condições estáveis. Aqui é analisada a ocorrênciado jato noturno em condições neutras por meio de um modelo teórico

Different Parameterizations for Wind Variance Applied to the Convective Boundary Layer Growth Model

A evolução da energia cinética turbulenta (ECT) é analisada durante a fase de transição matinal, usando modelos espectrais analíticos. Distintas parametrizações para a variância do vento são introduzidas nos modelos espectrais.  A evolução da ECT para os modelos espectrais tem boa concordância com resultados da simulação de grandes vortices

Propriedades Psicométricas do Inventário de Percepção de Suporte Familiar (IPSF)

The study sought evidence of validity based on internal structure (CFA) and relationship to external variables for the Family Support Perception Inventory (IPSF) and analyzed the impact of acquiescence. Participants were 234 people, aged between 18 and 68 years (M = 31.66; SD = 11.75). The IPSF, the Baptista Depression Scale - Screening Version (EBADEP-Screening), the Adult Social Support Perception Scale (EPSUS-A) and the Adult Emotional Self-Regulation Scale (EARE-AD) were used. Inverse items were added to the IPSF to check for acquiescence. The results indicated that the bifactor structure fits the data best. Also, acquiescence had an impact on both the fit indices and the factor loadings of the general factor. The IPSF correlations were positive with the EPSUS-A and EARE-AD and negative with the EBADEP-Screening. These results indicate evidence of validity for the IPSF and show that acquiescence control can impact the scores obtained when applying the scale.El estudio buscó evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna (CFA) y la relación con variables externas para el Inventario de Percepción de Apoyo Familiar (IPSF) y analizó el impacto de la aquiescencia. Participaron 234 personas, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 68 años (M = 31.66; DE = 11.75). Se utilizaron IPSF y la Escala de Versión de Detección de Depresión Baptista (EBADEP-Screening), la Escala de Percepción de Apoyo Social para Adultos (EPSUS-A) y la Escala de Autorregulación Emocional de Adultos (EARE-AD). Se han agregado elementos inversos a la IPSF para aquiescencia. Los resultados indicaron que la estructura bifactor se ajusta mejor a los datos. Además, la aquiescencia impactó tanto en los índices de ajuste como en las cargas de factores del factor general. Las correlaciones de IPSF fueron positivas con EPSUS-A y EARE-AD y negativas con EBADEP-Screening. Estos resultados indican evidencia de validez para el IPSF e indican que el control de aquiescencia puede afectar los puntajes obtenidos al aplicar la escala.O estudo buscou evidências de validade baseadas na estrutura interna (CFA) e na relação com variáveis externas para o Inventário de Percepção de Suporte Familiar (IPSF) e analisou o impacto da aquiescência. Participaram 234 pessoas, com idades entre 18 e 68 anos (M= 31,66; DP=11,75). Foram utilizados o IPSF e Escala Baptista de Depressão-Versão Triagem (EBADEP-Triagem), a Escala de Percepção do Suporte Social-Adulto (EPSUS-A) e a Escala de Autorregulação Emocional-Adulto (EARE-AD). Foram acrescentados itens inversos ao IPSF para aquiescência. Os resultados indicaram que a estrutura bifator foi que melhor se ajustou aos dados. Além disso, a aquiescência impactou tanto nos índices de ajuste quanto nas cargas fatoriais do fator geral. As correlações do IPSF foram positivas com EPSUS-A e EARE-AD e negativas com a EBADEP-Triagem. Estes resultados indicam evidências de validade para o IPSF e indica que o controle da aquiescência pode impactar escores obtidos com a aplicação da escala

Convective Boundary Layer Growth: Analytical and Numerical Approaches

The transition phase from neutral boundary layer to convectiveboundary layer (CBL) is the focus of this paper. The characteristics ofthe turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) during the growth phase of the CBLare analyzed with the help of two analytical spectral models. The TKEevolutions generated by the analytical models agree fairly well with theresults of Large Eddy Simulation for different vertical levels.A fase de transição de uma camada limite neutra para uma camadalimite convectiva (CLC) é tópico do presente artigo. As característicasda energia cinética turbulenta (ECT) durante a fase de crescimentoda CLC são analisadas com o uso de dois modelos espectrais analíticos.A evolução gerada pelos modelos analíticos concorda bem com os resultadosde simulação de grandes turbilhões para diferentes níveis verticais

Extracellular Vesicles Released by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis Promote Disease Progression and Induce the Production of Different Cytokines in Macrophages and B-1 Cells

The extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by Leishmania can contribute to the establishment of infection and host immunomodulation. In this study, we characterized the shedding of EVs from Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes. This species is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and its role during interactions with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and peritoneal B-1 cells was evaluated. Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes cultivated in vitro at different times and temperatures spontaneously released EVs. EVs were purified using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and quantitated by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). NTA revealed that the average size of the EVs was approximately 180 nm, with concentrations ranging from 1.8 × 108 to 2.4 × 109 vesicles/mL. In addition, the presence of LPG and GP63 were detected in EVs obtained at different temperatures. Naïve BMDMs stimulated with EVs exhibited increased IL-10 and IL-6 expression. However, incubating B-1 cells with parasite EVs did not stimulate IL-10 expression but led to an increase in the expression of IL-6 and TNFα. After 7 weeks post-infection, animals infected with L. amazonensis promastigotes in the presence of parasite EVs had significant higher parasite load and a polarization to Th2 response, as compared to the group infected with the parasite alone. This work demonstrated that EVs isolated from L. amazonensis promastigotes were able to stimulate macrophages and B-1 cells to express different types of cytokines. Moreover, the immunomodulatory properties of EVs probably contributed to an increase in parasite burden in mice. These findings suggest that the functionality of L. amazonensis EVs on immune system favor of parasite survival and disease progression

Enteric methane mitigation strategies for ruminant livestock systems in the Latin America and Caribbean region: A meta-analysis

Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) is a developing region characterized for its importance for global food security, producing 23 and 11% of the global beef and milk production, respectively. The region's ruminant livestock sector however, is under scrutiny on environmental grounds due to its large contribution to enteric methane (CH4) emissions and influence on global climate change. Thus, the identification of effective CH4 mitigation strategies which do not compromise animal performance is urgently needed, especially in context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) defined in the Paris Agreement of the United Nations. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to: 1) collate a database of individual sheep, beef and dairy cattle records from enteric CH4 emission studies conducted in the LAC region, and 2) perform a meta-analysis to identify feasible enteric CH4 mitigation strategies, which do not compromise animal performance. After outlier's removal, 2745 animal records (65% of the original data) from 103 studies were retained (from 2011 to 2021) in the LAC database. Potential mitigation strategies were classified into three main categories (i.e., animal breeding, dietary, and rumen manipulation) and up to three subcategories, totaling 34 evaluated strategies. A random effects model weighted by inverse variance was used (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V3.3.070). Six strategies decreased at least one enteric CH4 metric and simultaneously increased milk yield (MY; dairy cattle) or average daily gain (ADG; beef cattle and sheep). The breed composition F1 Holstein × Gyr decreased CH4 emission per MY (CH4IMilk) while increasing MY by 99%. Adequate strategies of grazing management under continuous and rotational stocking decreased CH4 emission per ADG (CH4IGain) by 22 and 35%, while increasing ADG by 22 and 71%, respectively. Increased dietary protein concentration, and increased concentrate level through cottonseed meal inclusion, decreased CH4IMilk and CH4IGain by 10 and 20% and increased MY and ADG by 12 and 31%, respectively. Lastly, increased feeding level decreased CH4IGain by 37%, while increasing ADG by 171%. The identified effective mitigation strategies can be adopted by livestock producers according to their specific needs and aid LAC countries in achieving SDG as defined in the Paris Agreement.Fil: Congio, Guilhermo Francklin de Souza. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; Brasil. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria; ColombiaFil: Bannink, André. University of Agriculture Wageningen; Países BajosFil: Mayorga Mogollón, Olga Lucía. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria; ColombiaFil: Jaurena, Gustavo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia. Departamento de Producción Animal. Cátedra de Nutrición Animal; ArgentinaFil: Gonda, Horacio Leandro. Uppsala Universitet; SueciaFil: Gere, José Ignacio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Cerón Cucchi, María Esperanza. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; ArgentinaFil: Ortiz Chura, Abimael. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Tieri, María Paz. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea. - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea; ArgentinaFil: Hernandez, Olegario. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Tucuman-Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Ricci, Patricia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Instituto de Innovación Para la Producción Agropecuaria y El Desarrollo Sostenible. Grupo Vinculado Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Cuenca del Salado Al Ipads | Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Innovación Para la Producción Agropecuaria y El Desarrollo Sostenible. Grupo Vinculado Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Cuenca del Salado Al Ipads.; ArgentinaFil: Juliarena, María Paula. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. - Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Lombardi, Banira. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. - Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Abdalla, Adibe Luiz. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Abdalla Filho, Adibe Luiz. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Berndt, Alexandre. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Oliveira, Patrícia Perondi Anchão. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Henrique, Fábio Luis. Colegios Asociados de Uberaba; BrasilFil: Monteiro, Alda Lúcia Gomes. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Borges, Luiza Ilha. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Ribeiro Filho, Henrique Mendonça Nunes. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Ribeiro Pereira, Luiz Gustavo. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Tomich, Thierry Ribeiro. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Campos, Mariana Magalhães. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Machado, Fernanda Samarini. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria; BrasilFil: Marcondes, Marcos Inácio. Universidade Federal de Viçosa.; BrasilFil: Mercadante, Maria Eugênia Zerlotti. Agencia de Tecnología Agroindustrial de Sao Paulo; ArgentinaFil: Sakamoto, Leandro Sannomiya. Agencia de Tecnología Agroindustrial de Sao Paulo; ArgentinaFil: Albuquerque, Lucia Galvão. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Carvalho, Paulo César de Faccio. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Hristov, Alexander Nikolov. State University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos. University of Agriculture Wageningen; Países Bajos. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria; Colombi

Applications of Non-invasive Neuromodulation for the Management of Disorders Related to COVID-19

Background: Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) morbidity is not restricted to the respiratory system, but also affects the nervous system. Non-invasive neuromodulation may be useful in the treatment of the disorders associated with COVID-19. Objective: To describe the rationale and empirical basis of the use of non-invasive neuromodulation in the management of patients with COVID-10 and related disorders. Methods: We summarize COVID-19 pathophysiology with emphasis of direct neuroinvasiveness, neuroimmune response and inflammation, autonomic balance and neurological, musculoskeletal and neuropsychiatric sequela. This supports the development of a framework for advancing applications of non-invasive neuromodulation in the management COVID-19 and related disorders. Results: Non-invasive neuromodulationmaymanage disorders associated with COVID- 19 through four pathways: (1) Direct infection mitigation through the stimulation of regions involved in the regulation of systemic anti-inflammatory responses and/or autonomic responses and prevention of neuroinflammation and recovery of respiration; (2) Amelioration of COVID-19 symptoms of musculoskeletal pain and systemic fatigue; (3) Augmenting cognitive and physical rehabilitation following critical illness; and (4) Treating outbreak-relatedmental distress including neurological and psychiatric disorders exacerbated by surrounding psychosocial stressors related to COVID-19. The selection of the appropriate techniques will depend on the identified target treatment pathway. Conclusion: COVID-19 infection results in a myriad of acute and chronic symptoms, both directly associated with respiratory distress (e.g., rehabilitation) or of yet-tobe- determined etiology (e.g., fatigue). Non-invasive neuromodulation is a toolbox of techniques that based on targeted pathways and empirical evidence (largely in non- COVID-19 patients) can be investigated in the management of patients with COVID-19