Evidence of suppression of onchocerciasis transmission in the Venezuelan Amazonian focus.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) has set goals for onchocerciasis elimination in Latin America by 2015. Most of the six previously endemic countries are attaining this goal by implementing twice a year (and in some foci, quarterly) mass ivermectin (Mectizan®) distribution. Elimination of transmission has been verified in Colombia, Ecuador and Mexico. Challenges remain in the Amazonian focus straddling Venezuela and Brazil, where the disease affects the hard-to-reach Yanomami indigenous population. We provide evidence of suppression of Onchocerca volvulus transmission by Simulium guianense s.l. in 16 previously hyperendemic Yanomami communities in southern Venezuela after 15 years of 6-monthly and 5 years of 3-monthly mass ivermectin treatment. METHODS: Baseline and monitoring and evaluation parasitological, ophthalmological, entomological and serological surveys were conducted in selected sentinel and extra-sentinel communities of the focus throughout the implementation of the programme. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2012–2015, clinico-parasitological surveys indicate a substantial decrease in skin microfilarial prevalence and intensity of infection; accompanied by no evidence (or very low prevalence and intensity) of ocular microfilariae in the examined population. Of a total of 51,341 S. guianense flies tested by PCR none had L3 infection (heads only). Prevalence of infective flies and seasonal transmission potentials in 2012–2013 were, respectively, under 1 % and 20 L3/person/transmission season. Serology in children aged 1–10 years demonstrated that although 26 out of 396 (7 %) individuals still had Ov-16 antibodies, only 4/218 (2 %) seropositives were aged 1–5 years. CONCLUSIONS: We report evidence of recent transmission and morbidity suppression in some communities of the focus representing 75 % of the Yanomami population and 70 % of all known communities. We conclude that onchocerciasis transmission could be feasibly interrupted in the Venezuelan Amazonian focus. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1313-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Time Delays on Carotid Endarterectomy: Institutional Experience and Improvement Strategies

Objetivos: Avaliar as vias de referenciação dos doentes com estenoses carotídeas sintomáticas que foram operados na nossa instituição; estruturar os tempos de espera desde os primeiros sintomas neurológicos à data da cirurgia; identificar os fatores responsáveis pelos atrasos e criar estratégias que permitam reduzi-los. Material e métodos: Realizou-se um estudo observacional retrospetivo de todos os doentes com estenoses carotídeas sintomáticas submetidas a endarterectomia carotídea na nossa instituição entre 2011-2013. Foram identificadas as etapas essenciais no processo de referenciação dos doentes e foram colhidos dados referentes às datas do início dos sintomas, primeiro contacto médico, exames de imagem vascular, referenciação ao cirurgião, consulta de cirurgia vascular e da endarterectomia carotídea. O tempo decorrido entre o evento neurológico e a cirurgia foi calculado em dias e todos os atrasos identificados foram analisados detalhadamente. Resultados: A mediana do tempo de espera do evento neurológico à cirurgia foi de 27,5 dias (intervalo 7-581).Os maiores atrasos verificaram-se entre a data em que é colocada a indicação cirúrgica e a endarterectomia carotídea (mediana 9 dias; intervalo 1-349); na referenciação dos doentes à consultadecirurgia vascular (mediana 6,5 dias; intervalo 0-97)e entre o primeiro contacto médico e a realização dos exames de imagem vascular (mediana 6 dias; intervalo 1-71). Dos 60 doentes incluídos, apenas 21,7% foram operados nos primeiros 14 dias após o evento neurológico. O atraso foi significativamente menor nos doentes admitidos de forma urgente por transferência inter/intra-hospitalar (n=30; mediana 15 dias, intervalo 7-163) comparativamente aos doentes admitidos eletivamente pela consulta (n=30; mediana 86 dias, intervalo 13-581 dias) (p<0,0001).Discussão: Apesar da evidência atual, ainda existem atrasos significativos no processo de referenciação dos doentes com estenoses carotídeas sintomáticas. Estratégias direcionadas à redução destes atrasos poderão aumentar substancialmente a proporção de doentes submetidos a endarterectomia carotídea até 14 dias após o evento neurológico inicial

Giant Cell Arteritis Presenting as Simultaneous Bilateral Critical Upper Limb Ischemia - Clinical Case

Introdução: A arterite de células gigantes (ACG), de etiologia desconhecida, é a vasculite sistémica mais comum nos adultos e pode ter uma ampla variedade de apresentações clínicas. Atinge mais frequentemente os ramos extracranianos da artéria carótida mas, em 10-15% dos casos, pode ocorrer o envolvimento das artérias subclávia, axilar e braquial. Caso clínico: Tratava-se de uma doente do sexo feminino, de 80 anos, com antecedentes de HTA e doença cerebrovascular. Foi observada no serviço de urgência por arrefecimento e dor em repouso nos membros superiores, com evidências de cianose digital distal bilateral. As queixas tinham tido início 2 meses antes e agravamento progressivo desde então. Realizou um angio-TC que mostrou a existência de oclusão de ambas as artérias axilares/braquiais proximais e imagens sugestivas de vasculite ao nível de ambas as artérias subclávias, aorta e artérias femorais comuns. Foi medicada com corticoterapia; contudo, por não apresentar melhoria significativa após 5 dias, optou-se por realizar um bypass carotídeo-umeral bilateral. Após a cirurgia, ocorreu resolução completa das queixas e a doente apresentava pulso radial palpável bilateralmente. Seis meses após a cirurgia, a doente encontrava-se assintomática e os bypasses permeáveis. Conclusão: O presente trabalho pretende expor o caso de uma doente com o diagnóstico inaugural e ACG,que se apresentou com isquemia crítica bilateral e simultânea. Este quadro clínico exigiu a realização de um procedimento de revascularização raro

Changes in intracellular ion activities induced by adrenaline in human and rat skeletal muscle

To study the stimulating effect of adrenaline (ADR) on active Na+/K+ transport we used double-barrelled ion-sensitive micro-electrodes to measure the activities of extracellular K+ (aKe) and intracellular Na+ (aNai) in isolated preparations of rat soleus muscle, normal human intercostal muscle and one case of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (h.p.p.). In these preparations bath-application of ADR (10−6 M) resulted in a membrane hyperpolarization and transient decreasesaKe andaNai which could be blocked by ouabain (3×10−4 M). In the h.p.p. muslce a continuous rise ofaNai induced by elevation ofaKe to 5.2 mM could be stopped by ADR. In addition, the intracellular K+ activity (aKi), the free intracellular Ca2+ concentration (pCai) and intracellular pH (pHi) were monitored in rat soleus muscle. During ADRaKi increased, pHi remained constant and intracellular Ca2+ apparently decreased. In conclusion, our data show that ADR primarily stimulates the Na+/K+ pump in mammalian skeletal muscle. This stimulating action is not impaired in the h.p.p. muscle

Acute Pelvic Ischemia: a Fatal Outcome after Endovascular Aortoiliac Aneurysm Repair with Iliac Branch Device

Introdução: A oclusão da artéria hipogástrica pode ser necessária na reparação endovascular de aneurismas da aorta abdominal (EVAR). A oclusão intencional da hipogástrica pode ter complicações isquémicas. As endopróteses de bifurcação ilíaca (IBD) surgiram como alternativa endovascular à oclusão da hipogástrica em doentes com elevado risco para isquemia pélvica. Os autores descrevem um caso de oclusão precoce do ramo hipogástrico de IBD com graves consequências clínicas. Caso clínico: Sexo masculino, de 74 anos, com aneurisma da aorta abdominal (diâmetro máximo de 55 mm) com envolvimento de ambas as bifurcações ilíacas e segmentos proximais das hipogástricas (diâmetro máximo de 31 e 32 mm), submetido a EVAR com revascularização hipogástrica esquerda via IBD (Cook Zenith®) e coiling+overstenting da artéria hipogástrica contralateral. O procedimento decorreu sem complicações e a angiografia final mostrava permeabilidade da hipogástrica revascularizada e escassa colateralidade pélvica. O pós-operatório imediato complicou-se de dor lombar e glútea bilateral associada a manifestações cutâneas isquémicas e monoparesia do membro inferior esquerdo. Por agravamento progressivo nas primeiras 24h e angioTC com oclusão do stent da hipogástrica esquerda, procedeu-se novamente a revascularização da hipogástrica, com bom resultado na angiografia final. Apesar da revascularização bem-sucedida, houve agravamento progressivo do estado geral, com isquemia pélvica irreversível e rabdomiólise. Óbito ao 5.◦dia pós-operatório. Conclusão: A isquemia pélvica aguda é uma complicação grave e frequentemente fatal que pode advir da oclusão bilateral das artérias hipogástricas. A falência da revascularização por IBD pode ser fatal, pelo que os autores aconselham um cuidado redobrado no controlo angiográfico final e um baixo limiar para investigação na suspeita de complicações pós-operatórias. Se maior risco de falência técnica, embolização ou escassa colateralidade pélvica, a preservação bilateral de fluxo nas artérias hipogástricas pode estar recomendada

Foodways in transition: food plants, diet and local perceptions of change in a Costa Rican Ngäbe community

Background Indigenous populations are undergoing rapid ethnobiological, nutritional and socioeconomic transitions while being increasingly integrated into modernizing societies. To better understand the dynamics of these transitions, this article aims to characterize the cultural domain of food plants and analyze its relation with current day diets, and the local perceptions of changes given amongst the Ngäbe people of Southern Conte-Burica, Costa Rica, as production of food plants by its residents is hypothesized to be drastically in recession with an decreased local production in the area and new conservation and development paradigms being implemented. Methods Extensive freelisting, interviews and workshops were used to collect the data from 72 participants on their knowledge of food plants, their current dietary practices and their perceptions of change in local foodways, while cultural domain analysis, descriptive statistical analyses and development of fundamental explanatory themes were employed to analyze the data. Results Results show a food plants domain composed of 140 species, of which 85 % grow in the area, with a medium level of cultural consensus, and some age-based variation. Although many plants still grow in the area, in many key species a decrease on local production–even abandonment–was found, with much reduced cultivation areas. Yet, the domain appears to be largely theoretical, with little evidence of use; and the diet today is predominantly dependent on foods bought from the store (more than 50 % of basic ingredients), many of which were not salient or not even recognized as ‘food plants’ in freelists exercises. While changes in the importance of food plants were largely deemed a result of changes in cultural preferences for store bought processed food stuffs and changing values associated with farming and being food self-sufficient, Ngäbe were also aware of how changing household livelihood activities, and the subsequent loss of knowledge and use of food plants, were in fact being driven by changes in social and political policies, despite increases in forest cover and biodiversity. Conclusions Ngäbe foodways are changing in different and somewhat disconnected ways: knowledge of food plants is varied, reflecting most relevant changes in dietary practices such as lower cultivation areas and greater dependence on food from stores by all families. We attribute dietary shifts to socioeconomic and political changes in recent decades, in particular to a reduction of local production of food, new economic structures and agents related to the State and globalization

Vascular Trauma in Children-Review from a Major Paediatric Center

BACKGROUND: Traumatic noniatrogenic vascular injuries in children are rare and rarely discussed in literature. Pediatric vascular injuries pose a set of challenges mainly because of continued growth and development in a child or adolescent. The purpose of the study is to characterize management strategies and outcomes in these cases. METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective review of patients less than age 18 years (pediatric age) with acute, noniatrogenic traumatic vascular injuries between January 2009 and December 2015. Patient's demographics, injury characteristics, surgical management, complications, and follow-up were analyzed. RESULTS: From 2009 to 2015, 3277 children with traumatic injuries were treated, of which 21 (0.6%) had 23 significant vascular injuries: 17 arterial and 6 venous injuries. The majority were males (n = 16), and the median age was 14 years (range 1 to 16 years). Penetrating injuries were the predominant mechanism (n = 21), mainly by glass (n = 13). At presentation, 4 patients were hemodynamically unstable, 3 of them in hypovolemic shock. All patients were managed operatively. Operations for arterial injuries included 5 primary arterial repairs, 4 repairs using vein grafts and 8 ligations. The following adjunct procedures were necessary: one 4-compartment leg fasciotomy due to associated soft tissue trauma, 8 tendon repairs, and 11 nerve repairs. Operations for venous injuries included 4 ligations and 2 primary repairs. There were no intraoperative or postoperative deaths, major complications, or limb loss. The median length of stay in the hospital was 6 days (range: 2-23 days). The median time of follow-up was 52 months (range: 20-94 months). Ten patients did not have any sequelae, and 11 patients reported impaired mobility and/or decreased sensation, which was transitory in most cases and related to associated neurological or muscle tendon injuries. All reconstructions remained patent over the course of follow-up. No limb asymmetry was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Noniatrogenic pediatric vascular trauma is uncommon. Penetrating mechanism is more common than blunt and extremities are more frequently affected. Overall complications come from associated injuries to tendons and nerves.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Which older people decline participation in a primary care trial of physical activity and why: insights from a mixed methods approach

This article is available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund. Copyright 2014 Rogers et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.Background: Physical activity is of vital importance to older peoples’ health. Physical activity intervention studies with older people often have low recruitment, yet little is known about non-participants. Methods: Patients aged 60–74 years from three UK general practices were invited to participate in a nurse-supported pedometer-based walking intervention. Demographic characteristics of 298 participants and 690 non-participants were compared. Health status and physical activity of 298 participants and 183 non-participants who completed a survey were compared using age, sex adjusted odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence intervals). 15 non-participants were interviewed to explore perceived barriers to participation. Results: Recruitment was 30% (298/988). Participants were more likely than non-participants to be female (54% v 47%; p = 0.04) and to live in affluent postcodes (73% v 62% in top quintile; p < 0.001). Participants were more likely than non-participants who completed the survey to have an occupational pension OR 2.06 (1.35-3.13), a limiting longstanding illness OR 1.72 (1.05-2.79) and less likely to report being active OR 0.55 (0.33-0.93) or walking fast OR 0.56 (0.37-0.84). Interviewees supported general practice-based physical activity studies, particularly walking, but barriers to participation included: already sufficiently active, reluctance to walk alone or at night, physical symptoms, depression, time constraints, trial equipment and duration. Conclusion: Gender and deprivation differences suggest some selection bias. However, trial participants reported more health problems and lower activity than non-participants who completed the survey, suggesting appropriate trial selection in a general practice population. Non-participant interviewees indicated that shorter interventions, addressing physical symptoms and promoting confidence in pursuing physical activity, might increase trial recruitment and uptake of practice-based physical activity endeavours.The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Research for Patient Benefit Programme (Grant Reference Number PB-PG-0909-20055)

Vitamin D Status and Bone and Connective Tissue Turnover in Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) during Hibernation and the Active State

BACKGROUND: Extended physical inactivity causes disuse osteoporosis in humans. In contrast, brown bears (Ursus arctos) are highly immobilised for half of the year during hibernation without signs of bone loss and therefore may serve as a model for prevention of osteoporosis. AIM: To study 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25OHD) levels and bone turnover markers in brown bears during the hibernating state in winter and during the active state in summer. We measured vitamin D subtypes (D₂ and D₃), calcitropic hormones (parathyroid hormone [PTH], 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D [1,25(OH)₂D]) and bone turnover parameters (osteocalcin, ICTP, CTX-I), PTH, serum calcium and PIIINP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We drew blood from seven immobilised wild brown bears during hibernation in February and in the same bears while active in June. RESULTS: Serum 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol (25OHD₃) was significantly higher in the summer than in the winter (22.8±4.6 vs. 8.8±2.1 nmol/l, two tailed p-2p = 0.02), whereas 25-hydroxy-ergocalciferol (25OHD₂) was higher in winter (54.2±8.3 vs. 18.7±1.7 nmol/l, 2p<0.01). Total serum calcium and PTH levels did not differ between winter and summer. Activated 1,25(OH)₂D demonstrated a statistically insignificant trend towards higher summer levels. Osteocalcin levels were higher in summer than winter, whereas other markers of bone turnover (ICTP and CTX-I) were unchanged. Serum PIIINP, which is a marker of connective tissue and to some degree muscle turnover, was significantly higher during summer than during winter. CONCLUSIONS: Dramatic changes were documented in the vitamin D₃/D₂ ratio and in markers of bone and connective tissue turnover in brown bears between hibernation and the active state. Because hibernating brown bears do not develop disuse osteoporosis, despite extensive physical inactivity we suggest that they may serve as a model for the prevention of this disease

10 Years of Experience in Ultrasound-Guided Thrombin Injection, a Safe and Effective Technique in Femoral Pseudoaneurysm Treatment

Introdução: O elevado número de procedimentos vasculares percutâneos resulta num aumento das complicações relacionadas com o acesso vascular. A mais frequente é o falso aneurisma (FA), cuja intervenção de primeira linha é atualmente a injeção eco-guiada de trombina humana (IETH). Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospetivo realizado através da consulta de processos clínicos dos doentes submetidos a IETH por FA femoral num hospital terciário no período de 2008 a 2018. O end-point primário foi o sucesso desta modalidade terapêutica (trombose primária e à reavaliação ecográfica). Os end-points secundários foram complicações relacionadas com o procedimento, reintervenções, duração de internamento e sobrevida. Resultados: A amostra incluiu 102 doentes. 97% dos FA tinham etiologia iatrogénica confirmada. 4% foram diagnosticados após intervenção pela Cirurgia Vascular e 85% após intervenção pela Cardiologia, dos quais 80% após cateterismo coronário e 13% após TAVI (transcatheter aortic valve implantation). 58% dos doentes estavam antiagregados e 50% anticoagulados. 80% dos FA ocorreram à direita. 65% afetavam a AFC e 35% a AFS ou AFP. O diâmetro médio dos FA tratados por IETH foi de 36,8mm. 29% apresentavam-se lobulados (FA complexos). Quanto às características do colo do FA, 58% tinham colo longo (≥3mm de comprimento) e 58% tinham colo estreito (<3mm de calibre). O tempo mediano até à IETH após intervenção causal foi de 6 dias. 89% apresentaram trombose primária após IETH, decrescendo para 73% à reavaliação posterior por Eco Doppler. 16% repetiram IETH, 5% mais que uma vez. Não foram documentadas complicações relacionadas com o procedimento. Os falsos aneurismas complexos associaram-se a taxas inferiores de trombose completa à reavaliação ecográfica (p=0,012). O segmento arterial afetado, realização de antitrombóticos, diâmetro do FA e características do colo não apresentaram associação com a taxa de trombose do FA. 6% dos doentes submetidos a IETH foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico de FA femoral (a maioria após mais de 2 IETH), num dos casos por via endovascular. O tempo mediano de internamento após 1ª IETH foi de 3 dias, superior nos doentes com etiologia iatrogénica após TAVI comparativamente a após cateterismo coronário (p=0,006). A sobrevida dos doentes submetidos a IETH foi de 97±2% a 1 mês, 86±4% a 1 ano e 60±7% a 5 anos, sem diferença significativa de acordo com etiologia do FA femoral. Conclusão: A IETH é uma alternativa segura e com elevada eficácia para o tratamento de FA pós cateterização vascular. É expectável que 1/6 dos doentes necessite de mais do que uma injeção para obter o sucesso desejado, sendo esse risco mais elevado no caso de FA complexos. Apesar dos bons resultados, alguns doentes continuarão a necessitar de correção cirúrgica.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio