Understanding Optical Music Recognition

For over 50 years, researchers have been trying to teach computers to read music notation, referred to as Optical Music Recognition (OMR). However, this field is still difficult to access for new researchers, especially those without a significant musical background: Few introductory materials are available, and, furthermore, the field has struggled with defining itself and building a shared terminology. In this work, we address these shortcomings by (1) providing a robust definition of OMR and its relationship to related fields, (2) analyzing how OMR inverts the music encoding process to recover the musical notation and the musical semantics from documents, and (3) proposing a taxonomy of OMR, with most notably a novel taxonomy of applications. Additionally, we discuss how deep learning affects modern OMR research, as opposed to the traditional pipeline. Based on this work, the reader should be able to attain a basic understanding of OMR: its objectives, its inherent structure, its relationship to other fields, the state of the art, and the research opportunities it affords

A Comparative Field Study Of Crassostrea ariakensis (Fujita 1913) And Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin 1791) In Relation To Salinity In Virginia

We examined survival, growth, and disease susceptibility of triploid Crassostrea ariakensis (= rivularis) and compared results with that of diploid Crassostrea virginica. Two hundred and fifty oysters (age = 2 yr, mean shell height = 60-64 mm) of each species were deployed at duplicate sites, (Chesapeake Bay, and the Atlantic Coast of Virginia) within low, medium, and high salinity regimes respectively (\u3c 15%, 15-25%, \u3e 25%). Over the course of the study, from June 1998 to September 1999, C. virginica exhibited low survival, modest growth and high disease susceptibility. In contrast, C. ariakensis exhibited high survival, high growth rate, and low disease susceptibility. At low salinity sites, final mean cumulative mortality of C. virginica (81%) was significantly higher than that of C. ariakensis (14%). At medium and high salinity sites, all C. virginica died before the end of the study whereas final mean cumulative mortality in C ariakensis was 13 to 16%. After 1 year of deployment, mean shell height of C. virginica at low, moderate, and high salinity sites was respectively 70, 80 and 73 mm. In comparison, mean shell height of C. ariakensis was respectively 93, 121 and 137 mm. At low salinity sites, mean growth rate of C virginica was not significantly different from that of C ariakensis. At medium and high salinity sites, mean growth rate of C virginica was significantly lower than that of C ariakensis. Prevalence and intensity of Perkinsus marinus infections were significantly higher in C. virginica than in C. arlakensis. During the second summer of disease exposure, prevalence in C. virginica was 100% at all sites whereas in C ariakensis it ranged from 0 to 28%. Heavy intensity of infections were prevalent in C. virginica whereas infections in C. ariakensis were limited to light intensity. Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) was present in C. virginica, but absent in C. ariakensis. Mud worms (Polydora spp.) were present in both oyster species, but infestations were low and did not appear to affect condition or growth. In summary, wide salinity tolerance and low disease susceptibility were associated with high survival and growth of C. ariakensis in Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Coast of Virginia

A Comparative Field Study of Crassostrea ariakensis and Crassostrea virginica in Relation to Salinity in Virginia

In accordance with the Rational Plan for Testing Application of Non-Native Oyster Species (VIMS 1996) we conducted a field experiment to examine survival, growth and disease susceptibility of Crassostrea ariakensis (=rivularis) in relation to salinity in Virginia. The performance of triploid C. ariakensis in comparison with that of diploid C. virginica, (n = 250, age = 2 years, mean shell height = 60- 64 mm) was evaluated at replicate sites within low, medium, and high salinity regimes (respectively, \u3c 15‰, 15-25‰, \u3e 25‰) in Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Coast. During the course of this study, from June 1998 to September 1999, there was a severe oyster disease epizootic prevailing in Chesapeake Bay. At the end of the study C. ariakensis exhibited lower disease prevalence and intensity and superior survival and growth than C. virginica. At low salinity sites cumulative mortality in C. ariakensis (14%) was significantly lower than that in C. virginica (81%). At medium and high salinity sites, cumulative mortality in C. ariakensis was less than 16% whereas all C. virginica were dead by the end of the experiment. After one year of deployment, mean shell height of C. ariakensis at low, moderate, and high salinity sites, was respectively 96 mm, 125 mm, and 140 mm. In comparison, mean shell height of C. virginica was respectively 72 mm, 85 mm, and 75 mm. Prevalence and intensity of Perkinsus marinus infections were significantly lower in C. ariakensis than in C. virginica. During the second summer of disease exposure, prevalence in C. ariakensis ranged form 0-28% whereas prevalence in C. virginica was 100% at all sites. Only light infections were present in C. ariakensis whereas heavy infections were found in C. virginica. MSX was absent in C. ariakensis and present in C. virginica. Mud worms were present in both oyster species but infestations were low and did not appear to affect condition or growth. In summary, wide salinity tolerance and low disease susceptibility were associated with high survival and growth of C. ariakensis in Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Coast of Virginia

Influência de um programa de atividade física de longa duração sobre a força muscular manual e a flexibilidade corporal de mulheres idosas

Objetivo: O presente trabalho examinou a influência de um programa de exercícios físicos prolongados (dois anos) sobre a força muscular e a flexibilidade corporal de mulheres idosas (60-80 anos), não institucionalizadas, da Província de Salamanca (Espanha). Método: Participaram 32 sujeitos, escolhidos dentre os participantes do Programa de Revitalização Geriátrica desenvolvido pela Universidade de Salamanca. Os critérios para escolha dos sujeitos foram: serem do sexo feminino, terem entre 60 e 80 anos e terem participado de pelo menos 74% do programa de atividades físicas. Foram realizadas 174 sessões de atividade física, durante 58 semanas, com freqüência de três vezes por semana e duração de 50 a 55 minutos cada uma. No período do experimento foram realizadas quatro medidas da força muscular manual, por meio de manômetro de pressão, e da flexibilidade corporal, por meio do teste sit and reach. Os dados foram analisados por meio de ANOVA com medidas repetidas. Resultados: Tanto em relação à força muscular, quanto à flexibilidade os dados apontam para a ausência de diferenças significativas (p= 0,005). Conclusões: O programa contribuiu para a manutenção da força de preensão manual no período de dois anos e, em relação à flexibilidade corporal, os dados indicam a necessidade de reprogramação dos exercícios destinados ao desenvolvimento de tal capacidade.<br>Objective: The present study evaluated the influence of a two-year physical activity program on muscle strength and body flexibility among non-institutionalized elderly women (60-80 years old), from Salamanca Province in Spain. Method: Thirty-two individuals were chosen to take part in the Geriatric Revitalization Program at Salamanca University. The selection criteria were that they should be female, between 60 and 80 years old, with an attendance rate of at least 74% in the physical activity program. There were 174 physical activity sessions, over a 58-week period, three times a week, lasting 50-55 minutes each. During this period, four measurements of hand muscle strength were made, using a pressure manometer, and also of body flexibility, using the sit and reach test. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measurements. Results: There were no significant differences in relation to either muscle strength or flexibility (p=0.005). Conclusions: The program contributed towards maintaining hand grip strength over the two-year period. For body flexibility, the data indicate the need to reprogram the exercises aimed at developing this capacity

Controlled cavity collapse: scaling laws of drop formation

The formation of transient cavities at liquid interfaces occurs in an immense variety of natural processes, among which the bursting of surface bubbles and the impact of a drop on a liquid pool are salient. The collapse of a surface liquid cavity is a well documented natural process that leads to the ejection of a thin and fast jet. Droplets generated through this process can be one order of magnitude smaller than the cavity's aperture, and they are consequently of interest in drop on demand inkjet applications. In this work, the controlled formation and collapse of a liquid cavity is analyzed, and the conditions for minimizing the resulting size and number of ejected drops are determined. The experimental and numerical models are simple and consist of a liquid reservoir, a nozzle plate with the discharge orifice, and a moving piston actuated by single half-sine-shaped pull-mode pulses. The size of the jetted droplet is described by a physical model resulting in a scaling law that is numerically and experimentally validated

The Kondo effect in ferromagnetic atomic contacts

Iron, cobalt and nickel are archetypal ferromagnetic metals. In bulk, electronic conduction in these materials takes place mainly through the $s$ and $p$ electrons, whereas the magnetic moments are mostly in the narrow $d$-electron bands, where they tend to align. This general picture may change at the nanoscale because electrons at the surfaces of materials experience interactions that differ from those in the bulk. Here we show direct evidence for such changes: electronic transport in atomic-scale contacts of pure ferromagnets (iron, cobalt and nickel), despite their strong bulk ferromagnetism, unexpectedly reveal Kondo physics, that is, the screening of local magnetic moments by the conduction electrons below a characteristic temperature. The Kondo effect creates a sharp resonance at the Fermi energy, affecting the electrical properties of the system;this appears as a Fano-Kondo resonance in the conductance characteristics as observed in other artificial nanostructures. The study of hundreds of contacts shows material-dependent lognormal distributions of the resonance width that arise naturally from Kondo theory. These resonances broaden and disappear with increasing temperature, also as in standard Kondo systems. Our observations, supported by calculations, imply that coordination changes can significantly modify magnetism at the nanoscale. Therefore, in addition to standard micromagnetic physics, strong electronic correlations along with atomic-scale geometry need to be considered when investigating the magnetic properties of magnetic nanostructures.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure

The Void Galaxy Survey

The Void Galaxy Survey (VGS) is a multi-wavelength program to study $\sim$60 void galaxies. Each has been selected from the deepest interior regions of identified voids in the SDSS redshift survey on the basis of a unique geometric technique, with no a prior selection of intrinsic properties of the void galaxies. The project intends to study in detail the gas content, star formation history and stellar content, as well as kinematics and dynamics of void galaxies and their companions in a broad sample of void environments. It involves the HI imaging of the gas distribution in each of the VGS galaxies. Amongst its most tantalizing findings is the possible evidence for cold gas accretion in some of the most interesting objects, amongst which are a polar ring galaxy and a filamentary configuration of void galaxies. Here we shortly describe the scope of the VGS and the results of the full analysis of the pilot sample of 15 void galaxies.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures. This is an extended version of a paper to appear in "Environment and the Formation of Galaxies: 30 years later", Proceedings of Symposium 2 of JENAM 2010, eds. I. Ferreras, A. Pasquali, ASSP, Springer. Version with highres figures at http://www.astro.rug.nl/~weygaert/vgs_jenam_weygaert.col.pd

A filament of dark matter between two clusters of galaxies

It is a firm prediction of the concordance Cold Dark Matter (CDM) cosmological model that galaxy clusters live at the intersection of large-scale structure filaments. The thread-like structure of this "cosmic web" has been traced by galaxy redshift surveys for decades. More recently the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM) residing in low redshift filaments has been observed in emission and absorption. However, a reliable direct detection of the underlying Dark Matter skeleton, which should contain more than half of all matter, remained elusive, as earlier candidates for such detections were either falsified or suffered from low signal-to-noise ratios and unphysical misalignements of dark and luminous matter. Here we report the detection of a dark matter filament connecting the two main components of the Abell 222/223 supercluster system from its weak gravitational lensing signal, both in a non-parametric mass reconstruction and in parametric model fits. This filament is coincident with an overdensity of galaxies and diffuse, soft X-ray emission and contributes mass comparable to that of an additional galaxy cluster to the total mass of the supercluster. Combined with X-ray observations, we place an upper limit of 0.09 on the hot gas fraction, the mass of X-ray emitting gas divided by the total mass, in the filament.Comment: Nature, in pres

A cross validation of Consumer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) with Private Labels in Spain

Molinillo,S., Ekinci, Y., Japutra, A. (2014)'A cross validation of Consumer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) with Private Labels in Spain'. in Martínez-López, Gázquez-Abad, J.C. and Sethuraman, R. J.A. (eds.) Advances in National Brand and Private Label Marketing. Second International Conference, 2015. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics, pp. 113-125In recent years a number of Consumer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) models and measurement scales have been introduced in the branding literature. However, examinations of brand equity in Private Labels (PL) are rather limited. This study aims to compare the validity of the two prominent CBBE models those introduced by Yoo and Donthu (2001) and Nam et al. (2011). In order to test the models and make this comparison, the study collected data from 236 respondents who rated private labels in Spain. A list of 30 different fashion and sportswear PL was introduced to respondents. These brands do not make any reference to the retail store in which they are sold. Research findings suggest that the extended CBBE model introduced by Nam et al. (2011) and Ciftci et al. (2014) is more reliable and valid than Yoo and Donthu’s model for assessing PL. Theoretical contributions and managerial implications are discussed.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech