Carex divisa, a new CyperaCeae for the alien flora of Chile

Titulo y resúmen en español e inglésCarex divisa, a new CyperaCeae for the alien flora of Chile.— Carex divisa is recorded for the first time in Chile. A taxonomic discussion for its proper identification is providedCarex divisa, una nueva CiperáCea naturalizada en Chile.— Carex divisa se registra por primera vez en Chile. Se incluye una discusión taxonómica para su apropiada determinaciónEl segundo autor ha sido financiado por la Consejería de Ciencia, Universidades e Innovación de la Comunidad de Madrid, a través del proyecto Macondo (SI1/PJI/2019-00333

Estudi sobre la relació entre episotomía i esquinç en els parts eutòcis de la Fundació Hospital de Manacor (FHM)

Objectiu: Determinar la incidència d’esquinços i sutures del total de parts eutòcics de FHM i intentar correlacionar el risc d’esquinç en funció de diferents variables durant el part. Material i mètode: Estudi descriptiu restrospectiu durant el 4t trimestre de 2007 de 269 parts eutòcics agafant com a variables l’edat, paritat, administració d’anestèsia epidural, hores d’expulsiu, realització d’episiotomia, esquinç i grau. Resultats: Sembla ser que pesos fetals majors de 3.5kg tenen un 20% més de risc d’esquinç(OR:1.2). Períodes amb expulsiu superior a l’hora es correlacionen amb 10% menys d’esquinços (OR:0.9).de la mateixa manera que el risc d’esquinç de les parteres amb un expulsiu que no se’ls ha practicat episiotomia i que ha durat més d’una hora és el doble que aquelles amb un expulsiu inferior a una hora (OR:2.0).Objective: To study the perineal lacerations and suture incidence of the total amount of normal deliveries in our Hospital and to correlate the laceration risk between different variables. Material and methods: Aretrospective population-based study was carried out on the 269 normal deliveries during the 4th trimester of 2007 taking as variables: age, parity, epidural anesthesia administration, expulsion stage, episiotomy, laceration and grade. Results: It seems that foetal weight of 3.5Kg or more has a 20% increased risk of laceration (OR:1.2). If the expulsion stage is longer than an hour, it is related with a 10% lower tax of laceration (OR:0.9), in the same way, we find a double increased risk of laceration for those women who haven’t an episiotomy and have a prolonged expulsive stage(OD:2.0)

Prioritization of candidate cancer genes—an aid to oncogenomic studies

The development of techniques for oncogenomic analyses such as array comparative genomic hybridization, messenger RNA expression arrays and mutational screens have come to the fore in modern cancer research. Studies utilizing these techniques are able to highlight panels of genes that are altered in cancer. However, these candidate cancer genes must then be scrutinized to reveal whether they contribute to oncogenesis or are coincidental and non-causative. We present a computational method for the prioritization of candidate (i) proto-oncogenes and (ii) tumour suppressor genes from oncogenomic experiments. We constructed computational classifiers using different combinations of sequence and functional data including sequence conservation, protein domains and interactions, and regulatory data. We found that these classifiers are able to distinguish between known cancer genes and other human genes. Furthermore, the classifiers also discriminate candidate cancer genes from a recent mutational screen from other human genes. We provide a web-based facility through which cancer biologists may access our results and we propose computational cancer gene classification as a useful method of prioritizing candidate cancer genes identified in oncogenomic studies

Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of a middle Miocene alluvial fan to cyclic shallow lacustrine depositional system in the Calatayud Basin (NE Spain)

The middle Miocene sedimentary fill of the Calatayud Basin in north-eastern Spain consists of proximal to distal alluvial fan-floodplain and shallow lacustrine deposits. Four main facies groups characteristic of different sedimentary environments are recognized: (1) proximal and medial alluvial fan facies that comprise clast-supported gravel and subordinate sandstone and mudstone, the latter exhibiting incipient pedogenic features; (2) distal alluvial fan facies, formed mainly of massive mudstone, carbonate-rich palaeosols and local carbonate pond deposits; (3) lake margin facies, which show two distinct lithofacies associations depending on their distribution relative to the alluvial fan system, i.e. front (lithofacies A), comprising massive siliciclastic mudstone and tabular carbonates, or lateral (lithofacies B) showing laminated and/or massive siliciclastic mudstone alternating with tabular and/or laminated carbonate beds; and (4) mudflat–shallow lake facies showing a remarkable cyclical alternation of green-grey and/or red siliciclastic mudstone units and white dolomitic carbonate beds. The cyclic mudflat–shallow lake succession, as exposed in the Orera composite section (OCS), is dominantly composed of small-scale mudstone–carbonate/dolomite cycles. The mudstone intervals of the sedimentary cycles are interpreted as a result of sedimentation from suspension by distal sheet floods, the deposits evolving either under subaerial exposure or water-saturated conditions, depending on their location on the lacustrine mudflat and on climate. The dolomite intervals accumulated during lake-level highstands with Mg-rich waters becoming increasingly concentrated. Lowstand to highstand lake-level changes indicated by the mudstone/dolomite units of the small-scale cycles reflect a climate control (from dry to wet conditions) on the sedimentation in the area. The spatial distribution of the different lithofacies implies that deposition of the smallscale cycles took place in a low-gradient, shallow lake basin located in an interfan zone. The development of the basin was constrained by gradual alluvial fan aggradation. Additional support for the palaeoenvironmental interpretation is derived from the isotopic compositions of carbonates from the various lithofacies that show a wide range of δ18O and δ13C values varying from )-7.9 to 3.0‰ PDB and from -9.2 to -1.7‰ PDB respectively. More negative δ18O and δ13C values are from carbonate-rich palaeosols and lakemargin carbonates, which extended in front of the alluvial fan systems, whereas more positive values correspond to dolomite beds deposited in the shallow lacustrine environment. The results show a clear trend of δ18O enrichment in the carbonates from lake margin to the centre of the shallow lake basin, thereby also demonstrating that the lake evolved under hydrologically closed conditions

Astronomical forcing of sedimentary cycles in the middle to late Miocene continental Calatayud Basin (NE Spain)

A high-resolution cyclostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic study was carried out on cyclically bedded successions of middle Miocene lacustrine to distal alluvial fan-floodplain deposits from the Calatayud basin, in northeast Spain. Eight (partially overlapping) subsections near the village of Orera are correlated in detail using distinct sedimentary cycle patterns or by following marker beds in the field. Together they form the Orera Composite Section (OCS). Sedimentary cycles are recognised on at least two different scales. The basic small-scale cycles in the OCS consist of an alternation of grey and, occasionally, red clays with white, dolomite-rich, carbonate beds. They are arranged in largerscaled, so-called large-scale cycles based on repetitive changes in the overall carbonate-clay lithology. Two other, but less distinct, types of intermediate scale cyclicity are also recognised. In terms of depositional environment, the cycle hierarchy is interpreted to represent periodic lake expansion over the palaeo-alluvial fan-floodplain area. The palaeomagnetic results yield a reliable magnetostratigraphic record, which confirms the cyclostratigraphic correlations between the subsections in detail. Rock magnetic experiments reveal that haematite is the main magnetic carrier of the primary component. The magnetostratigraphy of the OCS is correlated straightforwardly with the geomagnetic polarity time scale. This resulted in an age of 10.7^12.8 Ma for the entire succession, which is supported by fossil micromammal findings. In addition, it also reveals the presence of two, possibly three, short new polarity intervals. Based on the number of cycles in the OCS the average periodicity of the basic small-scale cycles is approximately 23 000 yr, while the large-scale cycle indicates a periodicity of 400 000 yr. This suggests that these sedimentary cycles are controlled by astronomically induced climate changes causing lake-level fluctuations and thus resulting in the deposition of carbonate-clay cycles. The continental sequences of the OCS provide a unique opportunity to extend the astronomical polarity time scale into the middle Miocene. The overlap of such continental sequences in the Mediterranean area with time-equivalent astronomically induced marine sequences is fundamental for establishing marine^continental, bed-tobed, correlations and for understanding regional climate change

Effects of intermittent faults on the reliability of a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) microprocessor

© 2014 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.With the scaling of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology to the submicron range, designers have to deal with a growing number and variety of fault types. In this way, intermittent faults are gaining importance in modern very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits. The presence of these faults is increasing due to the complexity of manufacturing processes (which produce residues and parameter variations), together with special aging mechanisms. This work presents a case study of the impact of intermittent faults on the behavior of a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor. We have carried out an exhaustive reliability assessment by using very-high-speed-integrated-circuit hardware description language (VHDL)-based fault injection. In this way, we have been able to modify different intermittent fault parameters, to select various targets, and even, to compare the impact of intermittent faults with those induced by transient and permanent faults.This work was supported by the Spanish Government under the Research Project TIN2009-13825 and by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia under the Project SP20120806. Associate Editor: L. Cui.Gracia-Morán, J.; Baraza Calvo, JC.; Gil Tomás, DA.; Saiz-Adalid, L.; Gil, P. (2014). Effects of intermittent faults on the reliability of a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) microprocessor. IEEE Transactions on Reliability. 63(1):144-153. https://doi.org/10.1109/TR.2014.2299711S14415363

Reducing the Overhead of BCH Codes: New Double Error Correction Codes

[EN] The Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes are a well-known class of powerful error correction cyclic codes. BCH codes can correct multiple errors with minimal redundancy. Primitive BCH codes only exist for some word lengths, which do not frequently match those employed in digital systems. This paper focuses on double error correction (DEC) codes for word lengths that are in powers of two (8, 16, 32, and 64), which are commonly used in memories. We also focus on hardware implementations of the encoder and decoder circuits for very fast operations. This work proposes new low redundancy and reduced overhead (LRRO) DEC codes, with the same redundancy as the equivalent BCH DEC codes, but whose encoder, and decoder circuits present a lower overhead (in terms of propagation delay, silicon area usage and power consumption). We used a methodology to search parity check matrices, based on error patterns, in order to design the new codes. We implemented and synthesized them, and compared their results with those obtained for the BCH codes. Our implementation of the decoder circuits achieved reductions between 2.8% and 8.7% in the propagation delay, between 1.3% and 3.0% in the silicon area, and between 15.7% and 26.9% in the power consumption. Therefore, we propose LRRO codes as an alternative for protecting information against multiple errors.This research was supported in part by the Spanish Government, project TIN2016-81075-R, by Primeros Proyectos de Investigacion (PAID-06-18), Vicerrectorado de Investigacion, Innovacion y Transferencia de la Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), project 20190032, and by the Institute of Information and Communication Technologies (ITACA).Saiz-Adalid, L.; Gracia-Morán, J.; Gil Tomás, DA.; Baraza Calvo, JC.; Gil, P. (2020). Reducing the Overhead of BCH Codes: New Double Error Correction Codes. Electronics. 9(11):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111897S114911Fujiwara, E. (2005). Code Design for Dependable Systems. doi:10.1002/0471792748Xinmiao, Z. (2017). VLSI Architectures for Modern Error-Correcting Codes. doi:10.1201/b18673Bose, R. C., & Ray-Chaudhuri, D. K. (1960). On a class of error correcting binary group codes. Information and Control, 3(1), 68-79. doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(60)90287-4Chen, P., Zhang, C., Jiang, H., Wang, Z., & Yue, S. (2015). High performance low complexity BCH error correction circuit for SSD controllers. 2015 IEEE International Conference on Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits (EDSSC). doi:10.1109/edssc.2015.7285089IEEE 802.3-2018 - IEEE Standard for Ethernethttps://standards.ieee.org/standard/802_3-2018.htmlH.263: Video Coding for Low Bit Rate Communicationhttps://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.263/enVangelista, L., Benvenuto, N., Tomasin, S., Nokes, C., Stott, J., Filippi, A., … Morello, A. (2009). Key technologies for next-generation terrestrial digital television standard DVB-T2. IEEE Communications Magazine, 47(10), 146-153. doi:10.1109/mcom.2009.52738222013 ITRS—International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductorshttp://www.itrs2.net/2013-itrs.htmlIbe, E., Taniguchi, H., Yahagi, Y., Shimbo, K., & Toba, T. (2010). Impact of Scaling on Neutron-Induced Soft Error in SRAMs From a 250 nm to a 22 nm Design Rule. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 57(7), 1527-1538. doi:10.1109/ted.2010.2047907Gil-Tomás, D., Gracia-Morán, J., Baraza-Calvo, J.-C., Saiz-Adalid, L.-J., & Gil-Vicente, P.-J. (2012). Studying the effects of intermittent faults on a microcontroller. Microelectronics Reliability, 52(11), 2837-2846. doi:10.1016/j.microrel.2012.06.004Neubauer, A., Freudenberger, J., & Khn, V. (2007). Coding Theory. doi:10.1002/9780470519837Morelos-Zaragoza, R. H. (2006). The Art of Error Correcting Coding. doi:10.1002/0470035706Naseer, R., & Draper, J. (2008). DEC ECC design to improve memory reliability in Sub-100nm technologies. 2008 15th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems. doi:10.1109/icecs.2008.4674921Saiz-Adalid, L.-J., Gracia-Moran, J., Gil-Tomas, D., Baraza-Calvo, J.-C., & Gil-Vicente, P.-J. (2019). Ultrafast Codes for Multiple Adjacent Error Correction and Double Error Detection. IEEE Access, 7, 151131-151143. doi:10.1109/access.2019.2947315Saiz-Adalid, L.-J., Gil-Vicente, P.-J., Ruiz-García, J.-C., Gil-Tomás, D., Baraza, J.-C., & Gracia-Morán, J. (2013). Flexible Unequal Error Control Codes with Selectable Error Detection and Correction Levels. Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security, 178-189. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40793-2_17Saiz-Adalid, L.-J., Reviriego, P., Gil, P., Pontarelli, S., & Maestro, J. A. (2015). MCU Tolerance in SRAMs Through Low-Redundancy Triple Adjacent Error Correction. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 23(10), 2332-2336. doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2357476Gracia-Moran, J., Saiz-Adalid, L. J., Gil-Tomas, D., & Gil-Vicente, P. J. (2018). Improving Error Correction Codes for Multiple-Cell Upsets in Space Applications. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 26(10), 2132-2142. doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2018.2837220Cadence: Computational Software for Intelligent System Designhttps://www.cadence.comStine, J. E., Castellanos, I., Wood, M., Henson, J., Love, F., Davis, W. R., … Jenkal, R. (2007). FreePDK: An Open-Source Variation-Aware Design Kit. 2007 IEEE International Conference on Microelectronic Systems Education (MSE’07). doi:10.1109/mse.2007.44NanGate FreePDK45 Open Cell Libraryhttp://www.nangate.com/?page_id=232

Unilateral submandibular gland aplasia with ipsilateral sublingual gland hypertrophy presenting as a neck mass

The congenital absence off the major salivary glands is a very infrequent disorder, in which several glands are usually involved at the same time. Sometimes this disorder can be associated with other developmental anomalies. The unilateral aplasia of the submandibular gland is an extremely rare finding with only 14 cases reported in the literature. Clinically, this kind of patients may complain of dryness of the mouth, difficulties in chewing and swallowing, severe periodontal disease or multiple caries, but usually they follow an asymptomatic course. Salivary gland aplasia can be diagnosed with a large variety off imaging techniques, which include computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRR), ultrasonography (UUS), sialography, or scintigraphy. In this paper we report a case off a patient referred to our department with a long term and progressive growing neck mass, who has an unilateral submandibular gland aplasia associated to an ipsilateral hypertrophy off the sublingual gland. © Medicina Oral S. L

Ultrafast Codes for Multiple Adjacent Error Correction and Double Error Detection

(c) 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works.[EN] Reliable computer systems employ error control codes (ECCs) to protect information from errors. For example, memories are frequently protected using single error correction-double error detection (SEC-DED) codes. ECCs are traditionally designed to minimize the number of redundant bits, as they are added to each word in the whole memory. Nevertheless, using an ECC introduces encoding and decoding latencies, silicon area usage and power consumption. In other computer units, these parameters should be optimized, and redundancy would be less important. For example, protecting registers against errors remains a major concern for deep sub-micron systems due to technology scaling. In this case, an important requirement for register protection is to keep encoding and decoding latencies as short as possible. Ultrafast error control codes achieve very low delays, independently of the word length, increasing the redundancy. This paper summarizes previous works on Ultrafast codes (SEC and SEC-DED), and proposes new codes combining double error detection and adjacent error correction. We have implemented, synthesized and compared different Ultrafast codes with other state-of-the-art fast codes. The results show the validity of the approach, achieving low latencies and a good balance with silicon area and power consumption.This work was supported in part by the Spanish Government under Project TIN2016-81075-R, and in part by the Primeros Proyectos de Investigacion, Vicerrectorado de Investigacion, Innovacion y Transferencia de la Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain, under Project PAID-06-18 20190032.Saiz-Adalid, L.; Gracia-Morán, J.; Gil Tomás, DA.; Baraza Calvo, JC.; Gil, P. (2019). Ultrafast Codes for Multiple Adjacent Error Correction and Double Error Detection. IEEE Access. 7:151131-151143. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947315S151131151143