Efficiency of the cathode protection inthe sports crafts, fishing and cabotage boats

This paper studies the efficiency of sacrificial anodes in nautical engineering, marine and maritime. The anode design, quality manufacturing process and proper installation are critical processes for maximum protection of equipment and vessels. The damage, which causes corrosion, can be reduced; can even be avoided by protection methods economically profitable. The predictable future savings will come by the correct use of the current state of knowledge. This acquired knowledge is not always used rationally despite the great progress and current knowledge we have about the physical-chemical corrosion phenomena. Aspects relating to the assembly, distribution and support must be optimized for optimum performance and facilities are properly protected. Determine guidelines to consider in the design of the equipment (compatibility and incompatibility of the materials), the manufacturing quality of the elements to prevent galvanic corrosion, as in the embodiment of different patterns of maintenance in the case of pleasure craft, fishing boats and coastal represent very substantial costs and losses of the life of the vessels and their vital components.Postprint (published version

LCG Service Challenge 3 at the Spanish Tier-1 and Tier-2 sites

This note describes the participation of the Spanish centres PIC and CIEMAT in the LCG Service Challenge 3 as Tier-1 and Tier-2 sites respectively. Data transfer, job submission and data throughput from mass storage to the data processing jobs have been successfully exercised at the desired level. Very valuable experience has been gained running the complex computing system under realistic conditions at a signi cant scale

Detectable clonal mosaicism in blood as biomarker of cancer risk in Fanconi anemia

Altres ajuts: Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral fellowship (JCI-2011-10660); Marató de TV3 (project 464/C/2012)Detectable clonal mosaicism for large chromosomal events has been associated with aging and an increased risk of hematological and some solid cancers. We hypothesized that genetic cancer predisposition disorders, such as Fanconi anemia (FA), could manifest a high rate of chromosomal mosaic events (CMEs) in peripheral blood, which could be used as early biomarkers of cancer risk. We studied the prevalence of CMEs by single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array in 130 FA patients' blood DNA and their impact on cancer risk. We detected 51 CMEs (4.4-159 Mb in size) in 16 out of 130 patients (12.3%), of which 9 had multiple CMEs. The most frequent events were gains at 3q (n = 6) and 1q (n = 5), both previously associated with leukemia, as well as rearrangements with breakpoint clustering within the major histocompatibility complex locus (P = 7.3 × 10-9). Compared with 15?743 age-matched population controls, FA patients had a 126 to 140 times higher risk of detectable CMEs in blood (P < 2.2 × 10-16). Prevalent and incident hematologic and solid cancers were more common in CME carriers (odds ratio [OR] = 11.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.4-39.3, P = 2.8 × 10-5), leading to poorer prognosis. The age-adjusted hazard risk (HR) of having cancer was almost 5 times higher in FA individuals with CMEs than in those without CMEs. Regarding survival, the HR of dying was 4 times higher in FA individuals having CMEs (HR = 4.0, 95% CI = 2.0-7.9, P = 5.7 × 10-5). Therefore, our data suggest that molecular karyotyping with SNP arrays in easy-to-obtain blood samples could be used for better monitoring of bone marrow clonal events, cancer risk, and overall survival of FA patients

Dyslipidemia and chronic inflammation markers are correlated with telomere length shortening in Cushing's syndrome

INTRODUCTION: Cushing's syndrome (CS) increases cardiovascular risk (CVR) and adipocytokine imbalance, associated with an increased inflammatory state. Telomere length (TL) shortening is a novel CVR marker, associated with inflammation biomarkers. We hypothesized that inflammatory state and higher CVR in CS might be related to TL shortening, as observed in premature aging. - AIM: to evaluate relationships between TL, CVR and inflammation markers in CS. - METHODS: in a cross-sectional study, 77 patients with CS (14 males, 59 pituitary-, 17 adrenal- and 1 ectopic-origin; 21 active disease) and 77 age-, gender-, smoking-matched controls were included. Total white blood cell TL was measured by TRF-Southern technique. Clinical data and blood samples were collected (lipids, adrenal function, glucose). Adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were available in a subgroup of patients (n=32). Correlations between TL and clinical features were examined and multiple linear regression analysis was performed to investigate potential predictors of TL. - RESULTS: dyslipidemic CS had shorter TL than non-dyslipidemic subjects (7328±1274 vs 7957±1137 bp, p<0.05). After adjustment for age and body mass index, cured and active CS dyslipidemic patients had shorter TL than non-dyslipidemic CS (cured: 7187±1309 vs 7868±1104; active: 7203±1262 vs 8615±1056, respectively, p<0.05). Total cholesterol and triglycerides negatively correlated with TL (r-0.279 and -0.259, respectively, p<0.05), as well as CRP and IL6 (r-0.412 and -0.441, respectively, p<0.05). No difference in TL according the presence of other individual CVR factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity) were observed in CS or in the control group. Additional TL shortening was observed in dyslipidemic obese patients who were also hypertensive, compared to those with two or less CVR factors (6956±1280 vs 7860±1180, respectively, p<0.001). Age and dyslipidemia were independent negative predictors of TL. -CONCLUSION :TL is shortened in dyslipidemic CS patients, further worse if hypertension and/or obesity coexist and is negatively correlated with increased inflammation markers. Increased lipids and a "low" grade inflammation may contribute to TL shortening and consequently to premature ageing and increased morbidity in CS

Anesthesia in Hair Transplantation

Current hair transplantation techniques require a reliable anesthesia for long periods of time (2 h or more). They demand hemostasis of extended surfaces on wide-awake patients. A combination of anesthetic agents and local vasoconstrictors is needed. We present customary technical characteristics of these procedures as local nerve blocks (supratrochlear nerve, supraorbital nerve, zygomaticotemporal nerve, auriculotemporal nerve, retroauricular nerve, lesser occipital nerve, great occipital nerve) and tumescent field anesthesia. The ordinary drug combinations for premedication and procedure are presented. Special emphasis is done to discuss recommendations to cope with undesirable events that may arise during anesthesia (vasovagal syncope, anesthetic toxicity, anaphylactic and allergic reactions)

Bases moleculars de la cistinúria

Els cDNA identificats actualment de transportadors d'aminoàcids en mamífers poden ser agrupats en quatre famílies. Una d'aquestes famílies la componen les proteïnes rBAT i la cadena pesada (hc) de l'antigen de superfície de membrana anomenat 4F2. Els RNA que codifiquen aquestes dues proteïnes indueixen activitat d'un sistema de transport d'aminoàcids tipus b (rBAT) i un altre de tipus y+L (4F2hc) en oocits de Xenopus laevis. Ambdós transportadors tenen un mecanisme de bescanvi obligatori d'aminoàcids que, en el cas de rBAT, pot acumular, per aquest mecanisme de transport actiu terciari , substrats a través de la membrana plasmàtica fins a 30-50 vegades en l'oòcit de Xenopus . Sorprenentment, tant rBAT com 4F2hc no són suficientment hidrofòbics i no semblen proteïnes formadores de porus en membranes. Això ha suggerit la hipòtesi que rBAT i 4F2hc són subunitats o moduladors dels corresponents transportadors. És significatiu que taut per a rBAT com per a 4F2hc s'ha suggerit o demostrat, respectivament , la seva associació amb subunitats lleugeres d'aproximadament 40 kD en una estructura de tipus heterodimèric

An Overview of Hypospadias Surgery

Performed by urologists and paediatric surgeons, hypospadias procedures go unnoticed in many classical treatises of plastic surgery. Hypospadias is a very common malformation that occurs in nearly 1 in 250 male births. It consists of an abnormal opening of the urethral meatus at some point of its dorsal aspect. It is associated with an incomplete, semi‐circumferential foreskin and in nearly half of the patients it may be accompanied with a curvature of the penile shaft called chordee. Most classifications differentiate between distal, middle and proximal presentations. Different techniques have been proposed for its treatment; some of the most usual ones are briefly revised. Continued improvement in surgical management has made currently practised one‐stage repairs possible. We provide an introduction to the current techniques, as well as operative tips and an overview of the most common pitfalls the surgeon must bear in mind when treating this condition

Unidades estratigráficas en el Cretácico medio de la región Cuenca-Atienza (Cordillera Ibérica)

Los materiales del Cretacico medio que afloran a lo largo de la transversal Atienza-Cuenca, corresponden a las facies de borde de una transgresión "tethysiana" compleja. Estos sedimentos se han depositado en medios de transición que evolucionan de mixtos a carbonatados. En dichos sedimentos se pueden diferenciar tres clases distintas de unidades estratigraficas: Unidades litoestratigráficas, se reconocen seis litosomas que se identifican con las Formaciones Arenas de Utrillas; Arenas, Arcillas y Calizas de Santa Maria de las Hoyas; Dolomias tableadas de Villa de Vés y con las unidades nuevas, Margas y Calizas; y Areniscas (sin denominacibn formal). Unidades cicloestratigrhficas (sin definir formalmente): se diferencian seis secuencias deposicionales limitadas por discontinuidades sedimentarias. Unidades cronoestratigraficas: se distinguen cuatro unidades basadas en datos paleontológicos y por correlación con otras zonas próximas; Albense superior, Vraconiense, Cenomanense inferior y Cenomanense medio-superior?