Ultrastructural observations in somatic embryogenesis of natural tetraploid Trifolium pratense L.

WOS: 000379975600006Previous reports of plant regeneration of natural tetraploid T. pratense L. 'Elci' could be realized only through the apical meristem calli. In order to proceed to the production stage, other regeneration methods need to be tried. Aseptic seedlings were used for the production of somatic embryos through various 2,4-D and kinetin trials. Nonuniform external callus cells with translucent cytoplasm were observed in various developmental stages of somatic embryos. Beneath these cells, there were uniformly aligned, dark-stained embryo cells with dense cytoplasm. Despite the similar developmental stages and cell characteristics of zygotic and somatic embryos, the walls of somatic embryo cells revealed a highly wavy pattern. The nucleus generally contained only one nucleolus, which was spherical, dark stained, and electron-dense. Electron-dense droplets were seen in vacuoles. The cytoplasm consisted of starch-containing amyloplasts, mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, lipid, and protein bodies. In some of the somatic embryos at the globular and heart stages, vacuole or electron-translucent zones were observed in the nucleolus. Additionally, a few embryo degenerations were recorded during developmental stages of the zygotic embryo. For the first time, the somatic embryos of natural tetraploid T. pratense were produced from hypocotyl (85%), cotyledon (75%), and apical meristem (60%) explants in 0.3 mg/L 2,4-D and 2 mg/L kinetin-containing MS medium. Our study developed an effective and efficient in vitro production method for using natural tetraploid T. pratense in biotechnological studies.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [108T830]This study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK; project number: 108T830; TBAG). The authors would like to extend their gratitude to Prof Dr Sahabettin Elci for kindly providing the T. pratense seeds for this study

In Vitro Screening of Natural Drug Potentials for Mass Production

Methanolic extracts of 16 plant species, used in herbal and traditional medicinal preparations, collected from the same geographic region (Golcuk-Seben/Bolu, Turkey) were evaluated for their relative total phenolic contents, total antioxidant activities and their mineral contents in both dried plant samples and methanolic extracts. These species included Hypericum perforatum L., Thymus sipyleus Boiss., Equisetum arvense L., Achillea millefolium L., Tanacetum parthenium L., Thymus leucostomus Hausskn. \& Velen., Usnea longissima, Herniaria incana Boiss., Teucrium polium L., Stachys bithynica Boiss., Anthemis nobilis L., Sambucus ebulus L., Berberis vulgaris L., Malus communis Desf., Matricaria chamomilla L. and Scorzonera laciniata L. Spectrophotometric Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH free radical scavenging activity methods were performed to detect the total phenolic contents and total antioxidant activities of the methanolic extracts, respectively. The results show that the fruits of Berberis vulgaris L., have the highest antioxidant activity and aerial parts of Tanacetum parthenium L. have the highest total phenolics (92.62\%). Mineral contents were determined by inductively coupled -mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). All dried plant samples and methanolic extracts contained high amounts of Si, Cu, Fe and Ca. The highest levels of Si, Cu, Fe and Ca were found in Equisetum arvense L., Anthemis nobilis L., and Thymus sipyleus Boiss. dried plant samples, whereas Se was only detected in Usnea longissima. The highest levels of Si, Cu, Fe and Ca were found in the methanolic extracts of Usnea longissima, Anthemis nobilis L. and Thymus sipyleus Boiss. respectively

Comprehensive evaluation of phytoestrogen accumulation in plants and in vitro cultures of Medicago sativa L. 'Elci' and natural tetraploid Trifolium pratense L.

WOS: 000341523900009The main goal of this study was to establish callus cell suspension cultures of Medicago sativa L. 'Elci' and natural tetraploid Trifolium pratense L. and to compare the isoflavone production of the cultures to the original plants. The callus culture was transferred to liquid Murashige and Skoog media (MS3 and MS5) in order to establish the cell suspension cultures. The extracts were then analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) for their isoflavones (phytoestrogen), mainly formononetin, biochanin A, daidzein, and genistein. The production of daidzein and formononetin was higher in cell suspension culture than in callus and herba of M. sativa L. 'Elci,' while biochanin A and genistein content could not be detected. On the other hand, the production of phytoestrogens was more successful in the herba of T. pratense L. than in both of the cultures. It might be suggested that T. pratense L. can be grown in larger fields, whereas M. sativa L. can be utilized to establish in vitro cultures in order to produce isoflavone compounds for pharmaceutical purposes.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [108T830]This study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) with project number 108T830 (TBAG). The authors would like to extend their gratitude to Prof Dr Sahabettin Elci for kindly providing the seeds for this study

Plants Used in Anatolian Traditional Medicine for the Treatment of Hemorrhoid

Hemorrhoidal disease is a benign perianal disease, which is basically caused by vasodilation on pleux haemorrhoidalis vein, which affects mainly individuals at their active ages, and it is believed that the number of cases is much higher than the actual reported number. The majority of the patients' complaints consist of pain, itching, bleeding and feeling of discomfort. Any patient with these symptoms requires a careful review of their personel history and a physical, digital examination. The treatment options are evaluated in a wide spectrum from conservative to surgical procedures. The main goal of the treatment is, in acute phase, relief of the symptoms quickly and in chronical phase prevention of the relapses. Before going to surgery, depends on the grade of the disease, human being very often apply local topical treatments, plant based intestinal regulators, plant based phlebotonics and anti-inflammatory drugs to improve or prevent the worsening of hemorrhoid. In this review, a brief information was given about hemorrhoid, in further the plants that were applied in traditional medicine, their latin, Turkish and common names, parts of the plants and their method of application in treatment of the symptoms in Anatolia. The data showed that herbal remedies included 170 from 60 different plant families used in the treatment of hemorrhoids. Although there are many natural based antihemorrhoidal preparations presence in the world, just a few safe antihemorrhoidal preparations prescribed in Turkey. This review will be a guide to discovery of different effective natural compounds from plants of different families such as Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Rosaceae, which are highly rich in terms of antihemorhoidal compounds flavonoids and terpenes

Ultrastructural observations in somatic embryogenesis of natural tetraploid Trifolium pratense L.

Previous reports of plant regeneration of natural tetraploid T. pratense L. `Elci' could be realized only through the apical meristem calli. In order to proceed to the production stage, other regeneration methods need to be tried. Aseptic seedlings were used for the production of somatic embryos through various 2,4-D and kinetin trials. Nonuniform external callus cells with translucent cytoplasm were observed in various developmental stages of somatic embryos. Beneath these cells, there were uniformly aligned, dark-stained embryo cells with dense cytoplasm. Despite the similar developmental stages and cell characteristics of zygotic and somatic embryos, the walls of somatic embryo cells revealed a highly wavy pattern. The nucleus generally contained only one nucleolus, which was spherical, dark stained, and electron-dense. Electron-dense droplets were seen in vacuoles. The cytoplasm consisted of starch-containing amyloplasts, mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, lipid, and protein bodies. In some of the somatic embryos at the globular and heart stages, vacuole or electron-translucent zones were observed in the nucleolus. Additionally, a few embryo degenerations were recorded during developmental stages of the zygotic embryo. For the first time, the somatic embryos of natural tetraploid T. pratense were produced from hypocotyl (85\%), cotyledon (75\%), and apical meristem (60\%) explants in 0.3 mg/L 2,4-D and 2 mg/L kinetin-containing MS medium. Our study developed an effective and efficient in vitro production method for using natural tetraploid T. pratense in biotechnological studies

Pharmacopoeia Analysis of Citrus aurantium L. Ssp Amara engl. and it's fixed oil content

Objective: Our aim was to take attention to Citrus aurantium L. ssp. amara Engl. (Rutaceae), which grows widely along the Mediterranean in Turkey where it has very limited medicinal usage. The bitter orange fruits/peels were analysed to find out if they are suitable to the standards in European Pharmacopoeia 7.0. The peel and fixed oil were investigated to Figure out the oil quality to apply in medicinal and cosmeceutical preparations. Material/Methods: C. aurantium were collected from different regions of Turkey, various fruit parts and their extracts were evaluated according to the Pharmacopoeia. The essential and fixed oils were obtained from their fruits and seeds, respectively. Seeds were crushed and fixed oil was obtained by cold squeezing. Essential oil yield, index analysis of fixed oil and drog analysis were conducted in compliance with the procedures. Results and Discussion: Evaluation of the peel was found appropriate to the Pharmacopoeia. Aydin, Iskenderun and Mersin regions have been suitable to cultivate valuable medicinally used product. Although C. aurantium has commercial and medicinal value around the world, it has not significant utilization in Turkey. Therefore this study could help recognizing its health benefits. Absolutely, phytochemical content should be taken into account before medicinal using

Cuscuta Arvensis Beyr “Dodder”: In Vivo Hepatoprotective Effects Against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity In Rats

Cuscuta arvensis Beyr. is a parasitic plant, and commonly known as “dodder” in Europe, in the United States, and “tu si zi shu” in China. It is one of the preferred spices used in sweet and savory dishes. Also, it is used as a folk medicine for the treatment particularly of liver problems, knee pains, and physiological hepatitis, which occur notably in newborns and their mothers in the southeastern part of Turkey. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects and antioxidant activities of aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. arvensis Beyr. on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. The results were supported by subsequent histopathological studies. The hepatoprotective activity of both the aqueous and methanolic extracts at an oral dose of 125 and 250 mg/kg was investigated by observing the reduction levels or the activity of alkaline phosphatase, alkaline transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urine nitrogen, and total bilirubin content. In vivo antioxidant activity was determined by analyzing the serum superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, glutathione, and catalase levels. Chromatographic methods were used to isolate biologically active compounds from the extract, and spectroscopic methods were used for structure elucidation. Both the methanolic and aqueous extracts exerted noticable hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects supporting the folkloric usage of dodder. One of the bioactive compounds was kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, isolated and identified from the methanolic extract.PubMedWoSScopu

Synthesis of Persea americana extract based hybrid nanoflowers as a new strategy to enhance hyaluronidase and gelatinase inhibitory activity and the evaluation of their toxicity potential

This study aimed to evaluate the hyaluronidase and gelatinase inhibitory activities and toxicity potentials of Persea americana Mill. extract and its synthesized hybrid nanoflowers. In the first part of the study, characterization of the nanoflower structures was carried out and then, enzyme inhibitory activities of the methanol extract and hybrid nanoflowers were investigated. It was determined that the enzyme inhibitory activity of both nanoflowers was higher than the methanol extract. Zinc nanoflower was more effective in hyaluronidase enzyme inhibition, while copper nanoflower showed higher inhibitory activity on gelatinase enzyme. In the second part of the study, toxicological profiles of these compounds were investigated. Toxicological evaluations demonstrated that zinc nanoflower may be a safer therapeutic alternative than the copper nanoflower, especially at high concentrations. All these data appear to contribute to the development of effective new generation preparations including nanoflowers for skin problems using Persea americana leaves extract and its nanostructures