Is Participation Contagious? Evidence From a Household Vector Control Campaign in Urban Peru

Objective: High rates of household participation are critical to the success of door-to-door vector control campaigns. We used the Health Belief Model to assess determinants of participation, including neighbour participation as a cue to action, in a Chagas disease vector control campaign in Peru. Methods: We evaluated clustering of participation among neighbours; estimated participation as a function of household infestation status, neighbourhood type and number of participating neighbours; and described the reported reasons for refusal to participate in a district of 2911 households. Results: We observed significant clustering of participation along city blocks (p\u3c0.0001). Participation was significantly higher for households in new versus established neighbourhoods, for infested households, and for households with more participating neighbours. The effect of neighbour participation was greater in new neighbourhoods. Conclusions: Results support a ‘contagion’ model of participation, highlighting the possibility that one or two participating households can tip a block towards full participation. Future campaigns can leverage these findings by making participation more visible, by addressing stigma associated with spraying, and by employing group incentives to spray

Mammal responses to global changes in human activity vary by trophic group and landscape

Wildlife must adapt to human presence to survive in the Anthropocene, so it is critical to understand species responses to humans in different contexts. We used camera trapping as a lens to view mammal responses to changes in human activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Across 163 species sampled in 102 projects around the world, changes in the amount and timing of animal activity varied widely. Under higher human activity, mammals were less active in undeveloped areas but unexpectedly more active in developed areas while exhibiting greater nocturnality. Carnivores were most sensitive, showing the strongest decreases in activity and greatest increases in nocturnality. Wildlife managers must consider how habituation and uneven sensitivity across species may cause fundamental differences in human–wildlife interactions along gradients of human influence.Peer reviewe

Toma de decisión vocacional de las personas en condición de discapacidad visual participes del proyecto “UNA Educación de Calidad” de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica: un análisis desde la vivencia universitaria / Valerie Calderón Guillén.

Este trabajo se construyó con base en la revisión de múltiples estudios que permitieron crear el tema y los propósitos de esta investigación. Cada uno de estos objetivos brindó aportes para determinar la ruta de investigación la cual fue sustentada desde la perspectiva teórica de diversos autores como: Rascován (2016), Casullo (2003), Rocha (2013), entre otros. El propósito general de este estudio fue analizar el proceso de toma de decisión vocacional de las personas en condición de discapacidad visual desde el análisis de su vivencia universitaria. La ruta metodológica partió de un paradigma naturalista desde la investigación cualitativa, con un enfoque fenomenológico y un diseño narrativo tópico. Para obtener los resultados se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas que permitieron profundizar en los intereses, habilidades, redes de apoyo y la vivencia universitaria de cada una de las personas participantes, cada uno de estos datos fueron analizados bajo el tratamiento de información propuesto de Taylor y Bodgan. Cada una de las categorías de análisis se realizaron de acuerdo a los objetivos de la investigación y a la observación profesional de la investigadora. Tomando en consideración la realidad de los cuatro informantes, se concluyó que el proceso de toma de decisión vocacional fue diferente en cada una de las personas y la elección vocacional fue racional tomando en cuenta sus intereses y habilidades. Por lo tanto, los intereses, habilidades y redes de apoyo estuvieron presentes en ese proceso. Esto permitió que la vivencia universitaria fuera una experiencia significativa y gratificante. Cada una de las personas participantes han tenido que derribar obstáculos a lo largo de sus vidas algunos en relación con su condición de discapacidad pero en general, su experiencia universitaria no se ha basado en su condición.División de Educación para el Trabaj

Análisis de las desigualdades en la distribución de la incidencia de COVID-19 en los distritos de Lima Metropolitana y Callao, en el año 2020

Objetivo: Estimar la desigualdad en la distribución de incidencia de COVID-19 en distritos de Lima Metropolitana y Callao, en el año 2020. Diseño: El diseño del presente estudio es de tipo ecológico basado en datos agrupados de panel por distritos de Lima Metropolitana y Callao para el año 2020. Estos datos serán analizados en función a los estratificadores sociales, tales como el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) y la Pobreza Monetaria

Analysis of inequalities in the distribution of the incidence of COVID-19 in the districts of Lima Metropolitana and Callao, in 2020

Objetivo. Estimar la desigualdad social en salud en la distribución de incidencia de COVID-19 en distritos de Lima Metropolitana y Callao, en el año 2020. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio ecológico a nivel distrital. Los datos se obtuvieron de diversas bases de datos institucionales. Se calcularon las métricas estándar, tales como la brecha absoluta y relativa, el índice de desigualdad de la pendiente, desigualdad proporcional e índice de concentración para analizar la relación entre varios indicadores de determinantes sociales y la incidencia de COVID-19 en 43 distritos de Lima Metropolitana y Callao en 2020, con el programa R Studio. Resultados. Este estudio demostró que, los distritos con mayor IDH, menor pobreza, mayor acceso a agua potable y alcantarillado presentan una mayor incidencia de COVID-19. Se calculó la desigualdad absoluta y relativa según los estratificadores sociales; sin embargo, estas son de mayor utilidad al compararse con los años. Conclusiones. Se determinó que los distritos con mayor IDH, menor pobreza monetaria, mayor acceso a agua potable y alcantarillado presentan una mayor incidencia de COVID-19. Esto se adjudicó al poco acceso a los servicios de salud y el pobre conocimiento de la enfermedad por parte de la población menos favorecida, lo cual se tradujo en un subdiagnóstico. Es probable que una actualización de los datos conlleve a una variación de los resultados.Objective. Estimate social inequality in health in the distribution of incidence of COVID-19 in the districts of Lima Metropolitana and Callao, in 2020. Methods. This is an ecological study at the district level. The data were obtained from institutional databases. The relationship between four social determinants index and the incidence of COVID-19 in all the districts of Lima Metropolitana and Callao from March to June 2020 was evaluated, measuring the absolute and relative gaps, the slope index of inequality, proportional inequality and concentration index for each district, with R Studio program. Results. This study showed that the districts with higher HDI, lower poverty, greater access to potable water and sewerage system have a higher incidence of COVID-19. Absolute and relative inequality were calculated according to social stratifiers; however, these are more useful when compared with the years. Conclusion. It was determined that districts with higher HDI, lower monetary poverty, greater access to potable water and sewerage system have a higher incidence of COVID-19. This was attributed to poor access to health services and poor knowledge of the disease by the less favored population, that resulted in an underdiagnosis. An update of the data is likely to lead to a variation of the results.Tesi

Earth Observation for Settlement Mapping of Amazonian Indigenous Populations to Support SDG7

Indigenous communities in the Amazon suffer from lack of access to basic services, such as electricity. Due to their isolation and difficult access it is challenging to acquire data on their location, numbers and needs, which would enable adequate development plans. Earth observation (EO), in combination with participatory mapping can support the creation of settlement maps as a basis for creating spatially explicit models of needs of basic services. Combining Landsat time series with SkySat and PlanetScope imagery, we have mapped the location and size of these settlements and modelled the number and densities of their houses. Additionally, we have projected settlement growth by 2030 in order to assess a demand of services that will be valid in the near future. We conducted surveys in 49 communities in the Ecuadorian Amazon to acquire information on the peoples’ living conditions and needs, and validated our model based on the findings. The number of buildings per cleared land had a strong linear relationship with the communities surveyed (adjusted R2 0.8). We used this linear relationship to model the number of buildings for the complete study area as well as for the 2030 settlement projection. Combining this information with data on the living conditions of indigenous communities, we can efficiently estimate the needs of basic services for larger territories and prompt development plans according to indigenous peoples’ needs and wishes

The development and psychometric evaluation of the Survey of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Functional Health Literacy

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disorder that disparately affects racial/ethnic minorities. OSA functional health literacy can contribute to health disparities. Documenting poor OSA functional health literacy is needed to inform research agendas, policy, and advocacy efforts. The objective of this study is to develop a scale for measuring OSA functional health literacy among diverse audiences and a variety of reading levels and to ascertain its reliability and validity. Development of the 18-item Survey of OSA Functional Health Literacy (SOFHL) was guided by literature review and input from experts. A convenience sample of persons enrolled in a clinical trial completed the survey (n=194). The psychometric evaluation was conducted using factor analysis to identify the number of dimensions in the SOFHL and their relationship to other domains that are relevant to OSA functional health literacy. Internal consistency reliability (alpha) was estimated for the resulting scale and correlations with educational attainment and income completed. All respondents were Black and 29% reported average household income less than $10,000 USD. Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for two dimensions: OSA general knowledge (alpha=0.81) and self-efficacy for OSA self-management (alpha=0.71). Higher educational attainment and socioeconomic status were associated with better OSA functional health literacy. These results provide preliminary support for the SOFHL, a measure that can be used to assess OSA functional health literacy

Is Participation Contagious? Evidence From a Household Vector Control Campaign in Urban Peru

Objective: High rates of household participation are critical to the success of door-to-door vector control campaigns. We used the Health Belief Model to assess determinants of participation, including neighbour participation as a cue to action, in a Chagas disease vector control campaign in Peru. Methods: We evaluated clustering of participation among neighbours; estimated participation as a function of household infestation status, neighbourhood type and number of participating neighbours; and described the reported reasons for refusal to participate in a district of 2911 households. Results: We observed significant clustering of participation along city blocks (p\u3c0.0001). Participation was significantly higher for households in new versus established neighbourhoods, for infested households, and for households with more participating neighbours. The effect of neighbour participation was greater in new neighbourhoods. Conclusions: Results support a ‘contagion’ model of participation, highlighting the possibility that one or two participating households can tip a block towards full participation. Future campaigns can leverage these findings by making participation more visible, by addressing stigma associated with spraying, and by employing group incentives to spray

Le coaching, enjeux, paradoxes et perspectives

L'évocation du coaching génère la plupart du temps de fortes réactions émotionnelles, qui vont du doute à la répulsion, en passant par une indignation vertueuse ou le plus grand enthousiasme. À tout le moins peut-on dire que le sujet ne laisse pas indifférent. À commencer par les sociologues qui sont les premiers à se sentir interpellés par un sujet dont l'origine anglo-saxonne est à la fois source de fascination et de méfiance. Sans doute convient-il, et c 'est l'objet de ce dossier, de s'interroger sur les raisons qui motivent à la fois enthousiasme et réticences, en tentant d'aller y voir au fond. Une première difficulté se présente en ce qui concerne la signification du terme coaching ; à tel point que très souvent, on n'arrive à en donner qu'une définition " négative ". Si on peut voir dans ce phénomène une " maladie de jeunesse " puisque son expansion est récente, il se peut aussi qu'on y puisse voir la marque d'une indétermination fonctionnelle, sinon d'un flou idéologique, qui en eux· mêmes posent question. Ainsi, le coaching est défini par tout ce qu'il n'est pas, et il ne peut donner de limite précise à ses méthodes. les praticiens qui s'en servent sont eux-mêmes dans l'ambiguïté quand il s'agit de le cerner. Ils ne s'adressent en principe pas à des êtres en souffrance, mais à des individus ayant besoin de dépasser leurs limites