A Nonlinear Active Disturbance Rejection Feedback Control Method for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Air Supply Subsystems

The control strategy of the gas supply subsystem is very important to ensure the performance and stability of the fuel cell system. However, due to the inherent nonlinear characteristics of the fuel cell gas supply subsystem, the traditional control strategy is mainly based on proportional integral (PI) control, which has the disadvantages of large limitation, large error, limited immunity, and inconsistent control performance, which seriously affects its effectiveness. In order to overcome these challenges, this paper proposes an optimal control method for air supply subsystems based on nonlinear active disturbance rejection control (ADRC). Firstly, a seven-order fuel cell system model is established, and then, the nonlinear ADRC and traditional PI control strategies are compared and analyzed. Finally, the two strategies are simulated and compared. The validation results indicate that the integral absolute error (IAE) measure of PI control is 0.502, the integral square error (ISE) measure is 0.1382, and the total variation (TV) measure is 399.1248. Compared with the PI control, the IAE and ISE indexes of ADRC were reduced by 61.31% and 58.03%, respectively. ADRC is superior to PI control strategy in all aspects and realizes the efficient adjustment of the system under different working conditions. ADRC is more suitable for the nonlinear characteristics of the gas supply system and is more suitable for the oxygen excess ratio (OER)

Contrasting roles of E2F2 and E2F3 in cardiac neovascularization.

Insufficient neovascularization, characterized by poor endothelial cell (EC) growth, contributes to the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease and limits cardiac tissue preservation and regeneration. The E2F family of transcription factors are critical regulators of the genes responsible for cell-cycle progression and growth; however, the specific roles of individual E2Fs in ECs are not well understood. Here we investigated the roles of E2F2 and E2F3 in EC growth, angiogenesis, and their functional impact on myocardial infarction (MI). An endothelial-specific E2F3-deficient mouse strain VE-Cre; E2F3(fl/fl) was generated, and MI was surgically induced in VE-Cre; E2F3(fl/fl) and E2F2-null (E2F2 KO) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates, VE-Cre; E2F3(+/+) and E2F2 WT, respectively. The cardiac function, infarct size, and vascular density were significantly better in E2F2 KO mice and significantly worse in VE-Cre; E2F3(fl/fl) mice than in their WT littermates. The loss of E2F2 expression was associated with an increase in the proliferation of ECs both in vivo and in vitro, while the loss of E2F3 expression led to declines in EC proliferation. Thus, E2F3 promotes while E2F2 suppresses ischemic cardiac repair through corresponding changes in EC proliferation; and differential targeting of specific E2F members may provide a novel strategy for therapeutic angiogenesis of ischemic heart disease

Leupaxin promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis and glucose metabolism by coactivation with hepatic nuclear factor 4α

Background: As the primary source of glucose during fasting, hepatic gluconeogenesis is rigorously regulated to maintain euglycemia. Abnormal gluconeogenesis in the liver can lead to hyperglycemia, a key diagnostic marker and the primary pathological contributor to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic disorders. Hepatic nuclear factor-4 (HNF4α) is an important regulator of gluconeogenesis. In this study, we identify leupaxin (LPXN) as a novel coactivator for HNF4α. Although previous studies have shown that LPXN is highly correlated with cancer types such as B-cell differentiation and hepatocellular carcinoma progression, the role of LPXN in gluconeogenesis remains unknown. Methods: We initially used protein pull-down assays, mass spectrometry and luciferase assays to identify the coactivator that interacts with HNF4α in gluconeogenesis. We further leveraged cell cultures and mouse models to validate the functional importance of molecular pathway during gluconeogenesis by using adenovirus-mediated overexpression and adeno-associated virus shRNA–mediated knockdown both in vivo and ex vivo, such as in ob/db/DIO mice, HepG2 and primary hepatocytes. Following, we used CUT&Tag and chip qPCR to identify the LPXN-mediated mechanisms underlying the observed abnormal gluconeogenesis. Additionally, we assessed the translational relevance of our findings using human liver tissues from both healthy donors and patients with obesity/type 2 diabetes. Results: We found that LPXN interacts with HNF4α to participate in gluconeogenesis. Knockdown of LPXN expression in the liver effectively enhanced glucose metabolism, while its overexpression in the liver effectively inhibited it. Mechanistically, LPXN could translocate into the nucleus and was essential for regulating gluconeogenesis by binding to the PEPCK promoter, which controlled the expression of an enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis, mainly through the Gcg-cAMP-PKA pathway. Additionally, LPXN expression was found to be increased in the livers of patients with steatosis and diabetes, supporting a pathological role of LPXN. Conclusions: Taken together, our study provides evidence that LPXN plays a critical role in modulating hepatic gluconeogenesis, thereby reinforcing the fact that targeting LPXN may be a potential approach for the treatment of diabetes and metabolic disorders

Resorbable Bio‐Inductive Collagen Implant for Rotator Cuff Repair: What We Know, What We Need to Know, and the Path Forward

ABSTRACT Objectives Rotator cuff injuries are a leading cause of shoulder dysfunction, where bio‐inductive collagen implants have demonstrated promising results in promoting tendon regeneration and reducing retear rates. However, existing evidence lacks consistent evaluation across varying follow‐up durations, while the specific factors influencing their safety and effectiveness remain undetermined. This study aims to evaluate the quality of evidence regarding the safety, efficacy, and impact factors of applying the resorbable bio‐inductive collagen implant clinically to repair rotator cuff injuries. Methods The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022367522). A systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library (from inception to October 2024) for clinical studies on bio‐inductive collagen implants for rotator cuff repair. Two investigators independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed quality (using RoB1 for RCTs, NOS for cohort studies and JBI critical appraisal tools for case series). Primary outcomes included postoperative tendon thickness, shoulder function scores (ASES/Constant), and re‐tear rates. Data were analyzed using random/fixed‐effects models to calculate mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs, with subgroup analyses for tear type, patient age, and postoperative mobilization time. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata 17.0. Results Seventeen studies were included. The meta‐analysis results showed that postoperative tendon thickness of the patients increased statistically compared with the baseline, at 3 months (MD = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.61, 2.83; p < 0.001), 6 months (MD = 2.30; 95% CI: 1.44, 3.16; p < 0.001), 12 months (MD = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.58, 2.72; p < 0.001), and 24 months (MD = 1.05; 95% CI: 0.02, 2.08; p = 0.045). Postoperative shoulder joint function improved significantly. The ASES score and Constant score of the patients were significantly higher than the baseline at 6 months (ASES: MD = 35.90; 95% CI: 32.97, 38.83; p < 0.001), 12 months (ASES: MD = 40.83; 95% CI: 37.56, 44.10; p < 0.001; Constant: MD = 28.59; 95% CI: 21.44, 35.74; p < 0.001), and 24 months (ASES: MD = 39.80; 95% CI: 31.32, 48.27; p < 0.001; Constant: MD = 32.84; 95% CI: 28.72, 36.97; p < 0.001). Conclusion The bio‐inductive collagen implant is effective and safe for healing rotator cuff injuries. Patient age may be an important moderator affecting its efficacy. The impact of tear size and postoperative activities on efficacy needs to be further explored through in‐depth clinical studies

Types of reviews in the field of evidence synthesis

The broadness of the definition of review has created confusion in conceptualization and usage between different types of review. Therefore, on the basis of summarizing relevant review methodological literature, this article classifies reviews into 9 types, and provides the definition, classification, scope of application, advantages and disadvantages, production processes, relevant reporting guidelines or the latest information about reporting guidelines. According to the problems in the process of generalization, relevant suggestions are put forward so as to provide clear and definite guidance for researchers to carry out a specific type of review