16 research outputs found
Gut Microbiome Phenotypes Driven by Host Genetics Affect Arsenic Metabolism
Large individual differences in susceptibility to arsenic-induced diseases are well-documented and frequently associated with different patterns of arsenic metabolism. In this context, the role of the gut microbiome in directly metabolizing arsenic and triggering systemic responses in diverse organs raises the possibility that gut microbiome phenotypes affect the spectrum of metabolized arsenic species. However, it remains unclear how host genetics and the gut microbiome interact to affect the biotransformation of arsenic. Using an integrated approach combining 16S rRNA gene sequencing and HPLC-ICP-MS arsenic speciation, we demonstrate that IL-10 gene knockout leads to a significant taxonomic change of the gut microbiome, which in turn substantially affects arsenic metabolism.National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30 ES010126)National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS grant P30 ES002109)University of Georgia. College of Public Health (internal grant)University of Georgia (Faculty Research Grant (FRG)
Gut Microbiome Perturbations Induced by Bacterial Infection Affect Arsenic Biotransformation
Exposure to arsenic affects large human populations worldwide and has been associated with a long list of human diseases, including skin, bladder, lung, and liver cancers, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders. In addition, there are large individual differences in susceptibility to arsenic-induced diseases, which are frequently associated with different patterns of arsenic metabolism. Several underlying mechanisms, such as genetic polymorphisms and epigenetics, have been proposed, as these factors closely impact the individuals’ capacity to metabolize arsenic. In this context, the role of the gut microbiome in directly metabolizing arsenic and triggering systemic responses in diverse organs raises the possibility that perturbations of the gut microbial communities affect the spectrum of metabolized arsenic species and subsequent toxicological effects. In this study, we used an animal model with an altered gut microbiome induced by bacterial infection, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry-based arsenic speciation to examine the effect of gut microbiome perturbations on the biotransformation of arsenic. Metagenomics sequencing revealed that bacterial infection significantly perturbed the gut microbiome composition in C57BL/6 mice, which in turn resulted in altered spectra of arsenic metabolites in urine, with inorganic arsenic species and methylated and thiolated arsenic being perturbed. These data clearly illustrated that gut microbiome phenotypes significantly affected arsenic metabolic reactions, including reduction, methylation, and thiolation. These findings improve our understanding of how infectious diseases and environmental exposure interact and may also provide novel insight regarding the gut microbiome composition as a new risk factor of individual susceptibility to environmental chemicals.National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Environmental Health Sciences Grant P30 ES002109)National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (University of North Carolina. Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility Grant P30 ES010126
Gut Microbiome Phenotypes Driven by Host Genetics Affect Arsenic Metabolism
Large
individual differences in susceptibility to arsenic-induced
diseases are well-documented and frequently associated with different
patterns of arsenic metabolism. In this context, the role of the gut
microbiome in directly metabolizing arsenic and triggering systemic
responses in diverse organs raises the possibility that gut microbiome
phenotypes affect the spectrum of metabolized arsenic species. However,
it remains unclear how host genetics and the gut microbiome interact
to affect the biotransformation of arsenic. Using an integrated approach
combining 16S rRNA gene sequencing and HPLC-ICP-MS arsenic speciation,
we demonstrate that IL-10 gene knockout leads to a significant taxonomic
change of the gut microbiome, which in turn substantially affects
arsenic metabolism
Gut Microbiome Perturbations Induced by Bacterial Infection Affect Arsenic Biotransformation
Exposure
to arsenic affects large human populations worldwide and
has been associated with a long list of human diseases, including
skin, bladder, lung, and liver cancers, diabetes, and cardiovascular
disorders. In addition, there are large individual differences in
susceptibility to arsenic-induced diseases, which are frequently associated
with different patterns of arsenic metabolism. Several underlying
mechanisms, such as genetic polymorphisms and epigenetics, have been
proposed, as these factors closely impact the individuals’
capacity to metabolize arsenic. In this context, the role of the gut
microbiome in directly metabolizing arsenic and triggering systemic
responses in diverse organs raises the possibility that perturbations
of the gut microbial communities affect the spectrum of metabolized
arsenic species and subsequent toxicological effects. In this study,
we used an animal model with an altered gut microbiome induced by
bacterial infection, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry-based arsenic speciation to examine the effect
of gut microbiome perturbations on the biotransformation of arsenic.
Metagenomics sequencing revealed that bacterial infection significantly
perturbed the gut microbiome composition in C57BL/6 mice, which in
turn resulted in altered spectra of arsenic metabolites in urine,
with inorganic arsenic species and methylated and thiolated arsenic
being perturbed. These data clearly illustrated that gut microbiome
phenotypes significantly affected arsenic metabolic reactions, including
reduction, methylation, and thiolation. These findings improve our
understanding of how infectious diseases and environmental exposure
interact and may also provide novel insight regarding the gut microbiome
composition as a new risk factor of individual susceptibility to environmental
chemicals
Anglican church expansion and the recruitment of colonial clergy for New South Wales and the Cape Colony, c. 1790-1850
This article provides the first study of the recruitment of colonial Anglican clergymen in the sixty or so years after the establishment of the first colonial Anglican bishoprics in the late eighteenth century. While studies on the social and educational backgrounds of missionaries abound, the clergymen who ministered primarily to European settlers have been largely overlooked. Nothing comparable to the Clergy of the Church of England Database exists for colonial clergy. This article examines the educational backgrounds of those recruited for service in New South Wales and the Cape Colony and highlights the problems which both the Colonial Office and high churchmen faced when they tried to recruit men from particular church parties and educational institutions. The evidence presented here questions the established chronology of Anglican Church expansion, and casts new light on the tensions which existed in the colonial churches in the first half of the nineteenth century