System f2lp – computing answer sets of first-order formulas

Abstract. We present an implementation of the general language of stable models proposed by Ferraris, Lee and Lifschitz. Under certain conditions, system f2lp turns a first-order theory under the stable model semantics into an answer set program, so that existing answer set solvers can be used for computing the general language. Quantifiers are first eliminated and then the resulting quantifier-free formulas are turned into rules. Based on the relationship between stable models and circumscription, f2lp can also serve as a reasoning engine for general circumscriptive theories. We illustrate how to use f2lp to compute the circumscriptive event calculus.

M3DISEEN: A Novel Machine Learning Approach for Predicting the 3D Printability of Medicines

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to reshape pharmaceutical formulation development through its ability to analyze and continuously monitor large datasets. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3-dimensional printing (3DP) has made significant advancements in the field of oral drug delivery with personalized drug-loaded formulations being designed, developed and dispensed for the needs of the patient. However, the optimization of the fabrication parameters is a time-consuming, empirical trial approach, requiring expert knowledge. Here, M3DISEEN, a web-based pharmaceutical software, was developed to accelerate FDM 3D printing, which includes producing filaments by hot melt extrusion (HME), using AI machine learning techniques (MLTs). In total, 614 drug-loaded formulations were designed from a comprehensive list of 145 different pharmaceutical excipients, 3D printed and assessed in-house. To build the predictive tool, a dataset was constructed and models were trained and tested at a ratio of 75:25. Significantly, the AI models predicted key fabrication parameters with accuracies of 76% and 67% for the printability and the filament characteristics, respectively. Furthermore, the AI models predicted the HME and FDM processing temperatures with a mean absolute error of 8.9 °C and 8.3 °C, respectively. Strikingly, the AI models achieved high levels of accuracy by solely inputting the pharmaceutical excipient trade names. Therefore, AI provides an effective holistic modeling technology and software to streamline and advance 3DP as a significant technology within drug development. M3DISEEN is available at (http://m3diseen.com/predictions/)

Machine learning predicts 3D printing performance of over 900 drug delivery systems

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is a transformative technology that is advancing pharmaceutical research by producing personalized drug products. However, advances made via 3DP have been slow due to the lengthy trial-and-error approach in optimization. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology that could revolutionize pharmaceutical 3DP through analyzing large datasets. Herein, literature-mined data for developing AI machine learning (ML) models was used to predict key aspects of the 3DP formulation pipeline and in vitro dissolution properties. A total of 968 formulations were mined and assessed from 114 articles. The ML techniques explored were able to learn and provide accuracies as high as 93% for values in the filament hot melt extrusion process. In addition, ML algorithms were able to use data from the composition of the formulations with additional input features to predict the drug release of 3D printed medicines. The best prediction was obtained by an artificial neural network that was able to predict drug release times of a formulation with a mean error of ±24.29 min. In addition, the most important variables were revealed, which could be leveraged in formulation development. Thus, it was concluded that ML proved to be a suitable approach to modelling the 3D printing workflow

Forgetting in Answer Set Programming with Anonymous Cycles

FORGET (PTDC/CCI-INF/32219/2017). NOVA LINCS (UID/CEC/04516/2019).It is now widely accepted that the operation of forgetting in the context of Answer Set Programming [10, 18] is best characterized by the so-called strong persistence, a property that requires that all existing relations between the atoms not to be forgotten be preserved. However, it has been shown that strong persistence cannot always be satisfied. What happens if we must nevertheless forget? One possibility that has been explored before is to consider weaker versions of strong persistence, although not without a cost: some relations between the atoms not to be forgotten are broken in the process. A different alternative is to enhance the logical language so that all such relations can be maintained after the forgetting operation. In this paper, we borrow from the recently introduced notion of fork [1] – a conservative extension of Equilibrium Logic and its monotonic basis, the logic of Here-and-There – which has been shown to be sufficient to overcome the problems related to satisfying strong persistence. We map this notion into the language of logic programs, enhancing it with so-called anonymous cycles, and we introduce a concrete syntactical forgetting operator over this enhanced language that we show to always obey strong persistence.publishe

Türkiye’de inme hastalarında atrial fibrilasyonun yönetimi: NöroTek çalışması gerçek hayat verileri

Objective: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common directly preventable cause of ischemic stroke. There is no dependable neurology-based data on the spectrum of stroke caused by AF in Turkiye. Within the scope of NoroTek-Turkiye (TR), hospital-based data on acute stroke patients with AF were collected to contribute to the creation of acute-stroke algorithms.Materials and Methods: On May 10, 2018 (World Stroke Awareness Day), 1,790 patients hospitalized at 87 neurology units in 30 health regions were prospectively evaluated. A total of 929 patients [859 acute ischemic stroke, 70 transient ischemic attack (TIA)] from this study were included in this analysis.Results: The rate of AF in patients hospitalized for ischemic stroke/TIA was 29.8%, of which 65% were known before stroke, 5% were paroxysmal, and 30% were diagnosed after hospital admission. The proportion of patients with AF who received "effective" treatment [international normalization ratio >= 2.0 warfarin or non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) at a guideline dose] was 25.3%, and, either no medication or only antiplatelet was used in 42.5% of the cases. The low dose rate was 50% in 42 patients who had a stroke while taking NOACs. Anticoagulant was prescribed to the patient at discharge at a rate of 94.6%; low molecular weight or unfractionated heparin was prescribed in 28.1%, warfarin in 32.5%, and NOACs in 31%. The dose was in the low category in 22% of the cases discharged with NOACs, and half of the cases, who received NOACs at admission, were discharged with the same drug.Conclusion: NoroTekTR revealed the high but expected frequency of AF in acute stroke in Turkiye, as well as the aspects that could be improved in the management of secondary prophylaxis. AF is found in approximately one-third of hospitalized acute stroke cases in Turkiye. Effective anticoagulant therapy was not used in three-quarters of acute stroke cases with known AF. In AF, heparin, warfarin, and NOACs are planned at a similar frequency (one-third) within the scope of stroke secondary prophylaxis, and the prescribed NOAC dose is subtherapeutic in a quarter of the cases. Non-medical and medical education appears necessary to prevent stroke caused by AF.Amaç: Atrial fibrilasyon (AF) iskemik inmenin doğrudan önlenebilir en sık nedendir. Ülkemizde AF nedenli inme spektrumuna dair nöroloji kaynaklı geniş ölçekte bir veri bulunmamaktadır. NöroTek-Türkiye (TR) kapsamında akut inme algoritmalarının oluşturulmasına katkı yapması beklenen AF tespit edilen akut inme hastalarına dair hastane verisi toplanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: 10 Mayıs 2018 Dünya İnme Farkındalık Günü’nde 30 sağlık bölgesine yer alan 87 nöroloji biriminde yatmakta olan 1.790 hasta prospektif olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada yer alan toplam 929 hasta [859 akut iskemik inme, 70 geçici iskemik atak (GİA)] bu analize dahil edilmiştir. Bulgular: İskemik inme/GİA sebebiyle ile interne edilmiş hastalarda AF oranı %29,8 olup bunların %65’i bilinmekte olan, %5’i paroksismal ve %30’u yeni tanıdır. AF tanısı ile gelen hastalarda “etkin” tedavi [internasyonel normalizasyon oranı ≥2,0 varfarin veya rehber dozunda non-vitamin K antagonist oral antikoagülan (NOAK)] alanların oranı %25,3 olup, %42,5 olguda ya hiç ilaç kullanılmamakta ya da sadece antiplatelet kullanılmaktaydı. Düşük doz kullanım oranı 42 NOAK alırken inme geçirmiş olguda %50 idi. Taburcu edilirken antikoagülan %94,6 (düşük molekül ağırlıklı veya non-fraksiyone heparin %28,1; varfarin %32,5 ve NOAK %31) hastaya reçete edilmişti. NOAK ile taburcu edilen olguların %22’sinde doz düşük kategoride olup gelişte NOAK almakta olan olguların yarısı aynı ilaçla taburcu edilmiştir. Sonuç: NöroTekTR ülkemizde AF’nin akut inmedeki sıklığı yanı sıra sekonder proflaksi perspektifinde yönetiminin geliştirilebilecek yönlerini ortaya koydu. Türkiye’de hastanede yatan akut inme olgularının yaklaşık üçte birinde AF saptanmıştır. AF’si bilinen akut inme olgularının dörtte üçünde etkin antikoagülan tedavi kullanılmamaktaydı. AF’de inme sekonder proflaksisi kapsamında heparin, varfarin ve NOAK planlaması benzer sıklıkta (üçte bir) olup reçete edilen NOAK dozu dörtte bir olguda subterapötiktir. AF’ye bağlı inmenin önlenebilmesi non-medikal ve medikal eğitim gerekli görünmektedir

Določitev strižnega modula glineno peščenih mešanic s preizkusom z benderjevim elementom

Bender-element (BE) tests were conducted on clay-sand mixtures to investigate the variation of small strain-shear modulus (Gmax) with the sand content and the physical characteristics (size, shape) of the sand grains in the mixtures. Three different gradations (0.6–0.3 mm, 1.0–0.6 mm and 2.0–1.0 mm) of sands having distinct shapes (rounded, angular) were added to a low-plasticity clay with mixture ratios of 0% (clean clay), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. For the purposes of performing a correlation analysis, unconfined compression (UC) tests were also carried out on the same specimens. The tests indicated that both the Gmax and unconfined compressive strength (q u) values of the specimens with angular sand grains were measured to be lower than those with rounded sand grains, for all sizes and percentages. As the percentage of sand in the mixture increases, the Gmax values increase, while the qu values decrease. The results further suggested that the Gmaxvalues decrease as the q u values decreases as the size of the sand grains reduces.Na glineno peščenih mešanicah so bili izvedeni preizkusi z benderjevim elementom (BE). Z njimi se je raziskalo spreminjanje strižnega modula majhnih deformacij (Gmax) v odvisnosti od vsebnosti peska in fizikalnih karakteristik zrn peskov (velikosti, oblike) v preiskovanih mešanicah. Tri različne granulacije peskov (0.6-0.3 mm, 1.0-0.6 mm in 2.0-1.0 mm) s posebnimi oblikami (okrogle, oglate) so bile dodane malo stisljivi glini v deležih 0 % (čista glina), 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 % in 50 %. Za korelacijsko analizo so bili na enakih vzorcih izvedeni tudi enoosni preizkusi tlačne trdnosti (UC). Preizkusi so pokazali, da so izmerjene vrednosti za G max in enoosno tlačno trdnost (qu) preizkušancev z oglatimi zrni peska nižje kot za okrogla zrna peska, in sicer za vse velikosti in razmerja mešanja. Z naraščanjem vsebnosti peska v mešanicah, narašča vrednost Gmax, medtem, ko vrednost qu upada. Rezultati nadalje kažejo, da tako vrednosti Gmax, kot tudi vrednosti q u upadajo z zmanjšanjem velikosti zrn peska

Zastosowanie badania filtracji, edometru oraz aparatu bezpośredniego ścinania do wyznaczenia właściwości mieszaniny piasku z kawałkami pociętych opon

The amount of the used waste rubbers in the world has been increasing every year, and their utilization, become a major environmental problem worldwide. The present experimental work has been performed to investigate the influence of rubber inclusion on the behavior of a sand. Geotechnical properties of the sand, and sand with tire crumb at various ratios mixtures (0, 2.5, 7.5, and 15%) were investigated through a series of mechanical tests, which are sieving, permeability, direct shear and consolidation. From the results of conducted tests, it is revealed that the addition of tire crumb grains increased both the permeability and the compressional characteristics of the sand. Besides, in this work, inter-granular void ratio (es) was employed as an alternative parameter to express the compressive response of sand-tire crumb mixtures. It is seen that intergranular void ratio concept is a good indicator for understanding the behavior of sands with waste tire crumb.Ilość materiałów gumowych stosowanych na świecie rośnie z roku na rok, a ich utylizacja stała się głównym problemem dla środowiska naturalnego na całym świecie. Niniejsze prace eksperymentalne zostały przeprowadzone w celu zbadania wpływu dodatku gumy pochodzącej z opon samochodowych na zachowanie piasku oraz określenia możliwego zastosowania. Właściwości geotechniczne piasku i mieszaniny piasku z różną zawartością kawałków pociętej opony (0, 2,5, 7,5 i 15%) były badane za pomocą szeregu testów mechanicznych, przesiewania, filtracji, jednoosiowej konsolidacji i bezpośredniego ścinania. Na podstawie wyników przeprowadzonych prób okazuje się, że dodanie fragmentów opony zwiększa zarówno przepuszczalność, jak i kompresyjne właściwości piasku. Poza tym w pracy wykorzystany został koncept międzycząsteczkowego wskaźnika porowatości (es) jako alternatywnego parametru do określania charakterystyki ściśliwości mieszaniny piasku z kawałkami opon. Okazał się on być dobrym wskaźnikiem dla zrozumienia zachowania tego typu mieszaniny