Factores de riesgo para hipoglucemia neonatal transitoria en pacientes a término, estudio de casos y controles en un hospital de Bogotá

Introducción: la hipoglucemia neonatal es frecuente y puede presentarse de forma transitoria o persistente. Existen diferentes puntos de corte de glucemia para poder definirla y usualmente son menores de 47 mg/dL. Se han evidenciado factores de riesgo tanto maternos como neonatales para desarrollar esta enfermedad, que aumentan el riesgo de padecerla entre un 14,7 % y 83,2 % en comparación a un 5% respecto a los pacientes que no los poseen. Así mismo se ha demostrado que el retraso en el tratamiento de la hipoglucemia genera alteraciones en el neurodesarrollo. Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo asociados con hipoglucemia neonatal transitoria de recién nacidos a término sin factores de riesgo determinados por la guía de la Academia Americana de Pediatría, en el Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael en el período comprendido de enero de 2015 a enero de 2019. Metodología: estudio observacional analítico, retrospectivo de tipo casos y controles, desde enero de 2015 a enero de 2019. Se realiza el cálculo de muestra y se obtienen 35 casos y 35 controles mediante el software estadístico Real Statistics 6.9 de enero de 2020. Resultados: La mayor proporción de pacientes en el estudio fue de sexo femenino (61,43 %), 20 casos y 23 controles. El promedio de glucosa de ingreso de los casos fue de 40,8 mg/dL. Dentro de los factores de riesgo se encontró el sobrepeso materno (OR de 1,2), cesáreas (OR 2,5), hipertensión inducida por el embarazo (OR 4,38). Se encontró una asociación significativa con Apgar al minuto de 5 (3 pacientes [8,57 %]); primer aporte energético recibido del recién nacido (25 [71,4 %] recibieron lactancia materna), taquipnea transitoria del recién nacido (6 [17,14 %]) y policitemia (10 [28,57 %]) como variables en el recién nacido y el tiempo de apego como variable materna (7 [20 %]) en los casos que no la recibieron. Conclusiones: en la población a término considerada sana que desarrolla hipoglucemia neonatal transitoria se encontró asociación con un Apgar al minuto de 5, el primer aporte energético recibido, la taquipnea transitoria del recién nacido, la policitemia y el apego como factores que influyen en su aparición. Se hace un llamado para hacer una mayor vigilancia de este grupo de recién nacidos que, aunque presentan menor incidencia de hipoglucemia, sí necesitan del acompañamiento y seguimiento

Alcohol and HIV Disease Progression: Weighing the Evidence

Heavy alcohol use is commonplace among HIV-infected individuals; however, the extent that alcohol use adversely impacts HIV disease progression has not been fully elucidated. Fairly strong evidence suggests that heavy alcohol consumption results in behavioral and biological processes that likely increase HIV disease progression, and experimental evidence of the biological effect of heavy alcohol on simian immunodeficiency virus in macaques is quite suggestive. However, several observational studies of the effect of heavy alcohol consumption on HIV progression conducted in the 1990s found no association of heavy alcohol consumption with time to AIDS diagnosis, while some more recent studies showed associations of heavy alcohol consumption with declines of CD4 cell counts and nonsuppression of HIV viral load. We discuss several plausible biological and behavioral mechanisms by which alcohol may cause HIV disease progression, evidence from prospective observational human studies, and suggest future research to further illuminate this important issue

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others