A review of the academic research relevant to future developments of Positive Coaching Scotland

In conducting this literature review a significant volume of research has been examined. Overall the research examined provides evidence to support the three principles of PCS: redefining winner (fostering mastery); filling the emotional tank (developing confidence); honour our sport (fostering respect). However, it the review also points to areas for continued refinement and further development. An overriding finding is that social agents have a significant role to play in shaping the experiences and development of young people in sport. Furthermore, this is achieved through the atmosphere or climate they help to create. As such the main recommendation is that the environment or to use PCS language ‘the culture’ in and around sport continues to be the focus. This ‘culture’ should reflect principles connected with fostering task-involvement, a mastery motivational climate and include autonomy supportive behaviours, whilst minimising controlling strategies. The report contains considerable detail on frameworks and strategies that can be used to further develop this ‘culture’.&nbsp

Perceptions of the motivational climate, basic psychological needs, and life skills development in Chinese physical education students

IntroductionLife skills can have a positive impact on young people’s mental health, academic performance, and overall well-being. Physical education (PE) is viewed as a promising setting for developing students’ life skills, but less is known about this in non-English speaking countries such as China. Based on the integration of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and Achievement Goal Theory (AGT), we aimed to examine the relationships between students’ perceptions of the teacher-initiated motivational climate (mastery- or performance-oriented) and their life skills development in PE, as well as the mediating role of their basic psychological needs (BPNs) (satisfaction or frustration).MethodsWe employed a cross-sectional survey. Chinese students (N = 533, Age range = 13–18 years) completed measures assessing these variables. We fulfilled correlational and mediational analyses.ResultsThese findings showed that mastery climate was positively associated with needs satisfaction (r = 0.66) and eight life skills (r range = 0.44–0.61), whereas negatively associated with needs frustration (r = −0.49). Performance climate was positively related to needs frustration (r = 0.52), but negatively related to needs satisfaction (r = −0.38) and eight life skills (r range = −0.28 – −0.15). Needs satisfaction was positively (r range = 0.44–0.65), while needs frustration was negatively (r range = −0.50 – −0.34) linked with eight life skills. Furthermore, needs satisfaction positively mediated the effect of mastery climate on life skills development, but it is not found that needs frustration mediated the effect of performance climate on life skills besides goal setting, social skills, and time management.ConclusionIn conclusion, our study extended the previous literature on life skills in PE, and highlighted the roles of motivational climate and BPNs on students’ life skills development. In practice, PE teachers should be encouraged to create a mastery climate as well as avoid a performance climate, to foster students’ BPNs satisfaction, which in turn, promote their life skills development

Moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise is safe and favorably influences body composition in patients with quiescent Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a randomized controlled cross-over trial

peer-reviewedBackground Overweight and metabolic problems now add to the burden of illness in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. We aimed to determine if a program of aerobic and resistance exercise could safely achieve body composition changes in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Methods A randomized, cross-over trial of eight weeks combined aerobic and resistance training on body composition assessed by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry was performed. Patients in clinical remission and physically inactive with a mean age of 25 ± 6.5 years and Body Mass Index of 28.9 ± 3.8 were recruited from a dedicated Inflammatory Bowel Disease clinic. Serum cytokines were quantified, and microbiota assessed using metagenomic sequencing. Results Improved physical fitness was demonstrated in the exercise group by increases in median estimated VO2max (Baseline: 43.41mls/kg/min; post-intervention: 46.01mls/kg/min; p = 0.03). Improvement in body composition was achieved by the intervention group (n = 13) with a median decrease of 2.1% body fat compared with a non-exercising group (n = 7) (0.1% increase; p = 0.022). Lean tissue mass increased by a median of 1.59 kg and fat mass decreased by a median of 1.52 kg in the exercising group. No patients experienced a deterioration in disease activity scores during the exercise intervention. No clinically significant alterations in the α- and β-diversity of gut microbiota and associated metabolic pathways were evident. Conclusions Moderate-intensity combined aerobic and resistance training is safe in physically unfit patients with quiescent Inflammatory Bowel Disease and can quickly achieve favourable body compositional changes without adverse effects. Trial registration The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov; Trial number: NCT02463916

Monitoring Guidance for Underwater Noise in European Seas- Part II: Monitoring Guidance Specifications

This document has been prepared by the Technical Subgroup on Underwater Noise and other forms of Energy (TSG Noise), established in 2010 by the Marine Directors, i.e. the representatives of directorates or units in European Union Member States, Acceding Countries, Candidate Countries and EFTA Member States dealing with or responsible for marine issues. In December 2011, the Marine Directors requested the TSG Noise to provide monitoring guidance that could be used by Member States in establishing monitoring schemes to meet the needs of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive indicators for underwater noise in their marine waters. This document presents the recommendations and information needed to commence the monitoring required for underwater noise.JRC.H.1-Water Resource

Monitoring Guidance for Underwater Noise in European Seas - Part I: Executive Summary

This document has been prepared by the Technical Subgroup on Underwater Noise and other forms of Energy (TSG Noise), established in 2010 by the Marine Directors, i.e. the representatives of directorates or units in European Union Member States, Acceding Countries, Candidate Countries and EFTA Member States dealing with or responsible for marine issues. In December 2011, the Marine Directors requested the TSG Noise to provide monitoring guidance that could be used by Member States in establishing monitoring schemes to meet the needs of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive indicators for underwater noise in their marine waters. This document presents the key conclusions and recommendations that support the implementation of the practical guidance to commence the monitoring required for underwater noise.JRC.H.1-Water Resource

Quality of care and practice patterns in anaemia management at specialist kidney clinics in Ireland: a national study

Background: Although anaemia is a common complication of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), knowledge of quality of care and management practices in specialist clinics varies. We examined anaemia practices at specialist nephrology clinics within the Irish health system and evaluated the opinions of practicing nephrologists. Methods: A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted at specialist nephrology clinics across six geographic regions in Ireland. Clinical characteristics and treatment practices were evaluated in a sample of 530 patients with CKD. An accompanying national survey questionnaire captured opinions and treatment strategies of nephrologists on anaemia management. Results: The prevalence of anaemia [defined as haemoglobin (Hb)<12.0 g/dL] was 37.8%, which increased significantly with advancing CKD (from 21% to 63%; P<0.01) and varied across clinical sites (from 36% to 62%; P<0.026). Iron deficiency (ID) was present in 46% of all patients tested and 86% of them were not on treatment. More than 45% of anaemic patients were not tested for ID. Respondents differed in their selection of clinical guidelines, threshold targets for erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) and intravenous iron therapy and anaemia management algorithms were absent in 47% of the clinics. The unexpectedly low rates of ESA use (4.7%) and iron therapy (10.2%) in clinical practice were in contrast to survey responses where 63% of nephrologists indicated ESA therapy initiation when Hb was<10.0 g/dL and 46% indicated commencement of iron therapy for ferritin<150 ng/mL. Conclusion: This study highlights substantial variability in the management of anaemia and ID at specialist nephrology clinics with low testing rates for ID, high rates of anaemia and ID and underutilization of effective treatments. Variability in the adoption and implementation of different clinical guidelines was evident

Noxious somatic stimuli diminish respiratory-sympathetic coupling by selective resetting of the respiratory rhythm in anaesthetized rats

Noxious somatic stimulation evokes respiratory and autonomic responses. the mechanisms underlying the responses and the manner in which they are co-ordinated are still unclear. the effects of activation of somatic nociceptive fibres on lumbar sympathetic nerve activity at slow (210 Hz) and fast frequency bands (1001000 Hz) and the effects on respiratorysympathetic coupling are unknown. in anaesthetized, artificially ventilated SpragueDawley rats under neuromuscular blockade, ensemble averaging of sympathetic activity following high-intensity single-pulse stimulation of the sciatic nerve revealed two peaks (similar to 140 and similar to 250 ms) that were present at similar latencies whether or not slow or fast band filtering was used. Additionally, in the slow band of both lumbar and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity, a third peak with a very slow latency (similar to 650 ms) was apparent. in the respiratory system, activation of the sciatic nerve decreased the expiratory period when the stimulus occurred during the first half of expiration, but increased the expiratory period if the stimulus was delivered in the second half of the expiratory phase. the phase shifting of the respiratory cycle also impaired the respiratorysympathetic coupling in both splanchnic and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity in the subsequent respiratory cycle. the findings suggest that noxious somatosympathetic responses reduce the co-ordination between respiration and perfusion by resetting the respiratory pattern generator.National Health and Medical Research Council of AustraliaNational Heart Foundation of AustraliaAustralian Research CouncilMacquarie UniversityMacquarie Research Excellence ScholarshipAustralian International Postgraduate Research ScholarshipMacquarie Univ, Australian Sch Adv, Sydney, NSW 2109, AustraliaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Fisiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Fisiol, São Paulo, BrazilNational Health and Medical Research Council of Australia: 457069National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia: 457080National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia: 604002National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia: 1024489National Heart Foundation of Australia: G11S5957Australian Research Council: DP110102110Australian Research Council: DP120100920Web of Scienc