Effect of whey protein isolate on strength, body composition and muscle hypertrophy during resistance training

Purpose of Review: Sarcopenia (skeletal muscle wasting with aging) is thought to underlie a number of serious age-related health issues. While it may be seen as inevitable, decreasing this gradual loss of muscle is vital for healthy aging. Thus, it is imperative to investigate exercise and nutrition-based strategies designed to build a reservoir of muscle mass as early as possible. Recent Findings: Elderly individuals are still able to respond to both resistance training and the anabolic signals provided by protein ingestion, provided specific amino acids, such as leucine, are present. Whey proteins are a rich source of these essential amino acids and rapidly elevate plasma amino acids, thus providing the foundations for preservation of muscle mass. Several studies involving supplementation with whey protein have shown to be effective in augmenting the effects of resistance exercise, in particular when supplementation occurs in the hours surrounding the exercise training. Summary: While further work is required, particularly in elderly people, simple dietary and exercise strategies that may improve the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass will likely result in a decrease in the overall burden of a number of diseases and improve the quality of life as we age

Trematodes of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia: emerging patterns of diversity and richness in coral reef fishes

The Great Barrier Reef holds the richest array of marine life found anywhere in Australia, including a diverse and fascinating parasite fauna. Members of one group, the trematodes, occur as sexually mature adult worms in almost all Great Barrier Reef bony fish species. Although the first reports of these parasites were made 100 years ago, the fauna has been studied systematically for only the last 25 years. When the fauna was last reviewed in 1994 there were 94 species known from the Great Barrier Reef and it was predicted that there might be 2,270 in total. There are now 326 species reported for the region, suggesting that we are in a much improved position to make an accurate prediction of true trematode richness. Here we review the current state of knowledge of the fauna and the ways in which our understanding of this fascinating group is changing. Our best estimate of the true richness is now a range, 1,100–1,800 species. However there remains considerable scope for even these figures to be incorrect given that fewer than one-third of the fish species of the region have been examined for trematodes. Our goal is a comprehensive characterisation of this fauna, and we outline what work needs to be done to achieve this and discuss whether this goal is practically achievable or philosophically justifiable

Two Decades of Income Inequality in Britain: The Role of Wages, Household Earnings and Redistribution

We study earnings and income inequality in Britain over the past two decades, including the period of relatively 'inclusive' growth from 1997 to 2004, and the Great Recession. We focus on the middle 90%, where trends have contrasted strongly with the 'new inequality' at the very top. Household earnings inequality has risen, driven by male earnings-although a 'catch-up' of female earnings did hold down individual earnings inequality and reduce within-household inequality. Nevertheless, net household income inequality fell due to deliberate increases in redistribution, the tax and transfer system's insurance role during the Great Recession, falling household worklessness, and rising pensioner incomes

Two new species of Prosorhynchoides (Digenea: Bucephalidae) from Tylosurus crocodilus (Belonidae) from the great barrier reef and French Polynesia

We surveyed 14 individuals of Tylosurus crocodilus Péron & Lesueur 1821 (Belonidae) collected from the waters around Lizard Island and Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, and the waters around Moorea, French Polynesia. We describe two new species of bucephaline trematodes from them, Prosorhynchoides galaktionovi n. sp. and P. kohnae n. sp. They are morphologically distinct from existing Prosorhynchoides spp., with molecular data from 28S and ITS-2 ribosomal DNA, as well as cox1 mitochondrial DNA, further supporting our morphological findings. Neither species has been observed in other belonid fishes. The new species fall into the clade of species of Prosorhynchoides from belonids previously identified in Australian waters. These findings strengthen the observation that groups of bucephaline species have radiated, at least in part, in tight association with host taxa. There are now five species of Prosorhynchoides known from two belonid species in Australian waters. We, therefore, predict further richness in the nine other belonid species present

Accommodating Shifting User Expectations

Whether they are called netgeners, born digital, digital natives, screenagers, Generation Y or Generation Z, the current and next generation of library users want everything, and they want it now. They communicate constantly, tapping and swiping I-Phones, I-Pads and androids as they broadcast their daily activities via Twitter and Facebook. They rarely sit still and do nothing and do not discriminate in using technology between their personal and professional lives – studying, working and living are all integrated in the mashed-up infosphere. They are readers, viewers, listeners, writers and speakers and use a variety of media. What use do they make of libraries? What do they want from us? How do library buildings accommodate their needs? One emerging trend is the need for silence – the generation who communicates constantly via their fingers and thumbs and the photographic record seems to want quieter spaces in libraries. They remain voyeurs and view others at work and play – but more silently it seems, although they still want opportunities to meet with others and discuss learning and life – preferably with food and drink. They are serious about what they do and want to be treated with respect and empathy. Digital natives want their information resources delivered seamlessly with voice and vision included, not just words on paper or on a screen. In Google we Trust is their mantra and if it is on the web, it must be true. Digital natives have difficulty evaluating what they find and tend to regard all information as equal in value. Their approach to scholarship and learning needs to be developed. They regard the full output of scholarly work in one continuum whether it is real or virtual. And the library buildings for this generation? Digital natives want attractive buildings which are easy to use and provide pleasant environments and a relaxing space with plenty of technology. They want to plug in, power up and prowl the internet. They want “high tech” but they also want “high touch”. They want individual personalized help wherever they might be – and at varying times of day – my place, my space, my time – and targeted to my needs. The paper explores the needs of digital natives and some of the possible changes in library building design to accommodate the shifting sand of user needs.post-prin

Accommodating Shifting User Expectations

Whether they are called netgeners, born digital, digital natives, screenagers, Generation Y or Generation Z, the current and next generation of library users want everything, and they want it now. They communicate constantly, tapping and swiping I-Phones, I-Pads and androids as they broadcast their daily activities via Twitter and Facebook. They rarely sit still and do nothing and do not discriminate in using technology between their personal and professional lives – studying, working and living are all integrated in the mashed-up infosphere. They are readers, viewers, listeners, writers and speakers and use a variety of media. What use do they make of libraries? What do they want from us? How do library buildings accommodate their needs? One emerging trend is the need for silence – the generation who communicates constantly via their fingers and thumbs and the photographic record seems to want quieter spaces in libraries. They remain voyeurs and view others at work and play – but more silently it seems, although they still want opportunities to meet with others and discuss learning and life – preferably with food and drink. They are serious about what they do and want to be treated with respect and empathy. Digital natives want their information resources delivered seamlessly with voice and vision included, not just words on paper or on a screen. In Google we Trust is their mantra and if it is on the web, it must be true. Digital natives have difficulty evaluating what they find and tend to regard all information as equal in value. Their approach to scholarship and learning needs to be developed. They regard the full output of scholarly work in one continuum whether it is real or virtual. And the library buildings for this generation? Digital natives want attractive buildings which are easy to use and provide pleasant environments and a relaxing space with plenty of technology. They want to plug in, power up and prowl the internet. They want “high tech” but they also want “high touch”. They want individual personalized help wherever they might be – and at varying times of day – my place, my space, my time – and targeted to my needs. The paper explores the needs of digital natives and some of the possible changes in library building design to accommodate the shifting sand of user needs.post-prin

Online space displacing physical space in libraries; the impact of online use on the transformation of library design

The basis of designing library spaces has been transformed. Initial views that online technologies would reduce the use of library space have not come to pass. The physical space remains important but much change has occurred. The focus has changed from an emphasis on housing of physical collections, accommodating staff and servicing users at desks, to highlighting the use of information technology in libraries and stressing user preferences for space utilisation. The pace and extent of the transformation have varied according to cultural values in various parts of the world and over time. From the east to the west, there have been significant differences. There have been varying interpretations of user behaviour and needs. Different approaches to the philosophical basis of librarianship have also affected the views of library space. Also of significance is the view of pedagogy taken in individual institutions and regions. Learner-based approaches, the increased availability of learning management systems tailored to individual use, the importance of group learning, and the growth of social networks have led to fundamental re-thinking of all spaces provided in libraries and learning institutions. The increasing use of mobile technology is causing further re-examination of space design. Common themes have developed which emphasize the need for flexibility, the importance of accommodating e-learning and m-learning, spaces for groups and areas for individual quiet study, and the emergence of self-service points, as well as those providing assistance. High tech still requires the high personal touch. The speakers will address the issues and highlight principles of library design, which should be followed, providing perspectives and examples from their Australian, Canadian, European and Turkish experience

Erection of the Haploporid Genus \u3ci\u3eLitosaccus\u3c/i\u3e n. g. and Its Phylogenetic Relationship within the Haploporidae Nicoll, 1914

Litosaccus n. g. is erected for Paralecithobotrys brisbanensis Martin, 1974 n. comb. for which an amended description is given. The new genus is morphologically similar to the haploporine Lecithobotrys Looss, 1902 but with a more elongate and cylindrical body; an infundibuliform oral sucker; a thin-walled hermaphroditic sac; a shallow genital atrium; and unequal, cylindrical, and elongated caeca. It also resembles Pseudolecithobotrys Blasco-Costa, Gibson, Balbuena, Raga & Kostadinova, 2009, but the only member of that genus has a hermaphroditic sac that is twice the length of the ventral sucker, a hermaphroditic duct with intensely staining cuboidal cells, an elongate testis, and single or paired caeca. A Bayesian inference analysis of partial 28S rDNA sequences of L. brisbanensis and 24 other haploporoids revealed that L. brisbanensis grouped with other haploporines and placed Intromugil Overstreet & Curran, 2005 in a clade with the chalcinotrematine Saccocoelioides Szidat, 1954 rather than the other seven tested waretrematine species. This analysis represents the first phylogenetic study of the Haploporidae Nicoll, 1914 that incorporates a haploporine from outside of the Mediterranean Sea