Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia.

Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene <sup>1-5</sup> . Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes-mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods-from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a 'great divide' genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 BP, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 BP, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a 'Neolithic steppe' cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations

Non-AIDS defining cancers in the D:A:D Study-time trends and predictors of survival : a cohort study

BACKGROUND:Non-AIDS defining cancers (NADC) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-positive individuals. Using data from a large international cohort of HIV-positive individuals, we described the incidence of NADC from 2004-2010, and described subsequent mortality and predictors of these.METHODS:Individuals were followed from 1st January 2004/enrolment in study, until the earliest of a new NADC, 1st February 2010, death or six months after the patient's last visit. Incidence rates were estimated for each year of follow-up, overall and stratified by gender, age and mode of HIV acquisition. Cumulative risk of mortality following NADC diagnosis was summarised using Kaplan-Meier methods, with follow-up for these analyses from the date of NADC diagnosis until the patient's death, 1st February 2010 or 6 months after the patient's last visit. Factors associated with mortality following NADC diagnosis were identified using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.RESULTS:Over 176,775 person-years (PY), 880 (2.1%) patients developed a new NADC (incidence: 4.98/1000PY [95% confidence interval 4.65, 5.31]). Over a third of these patients (327, 37.2%) had died by 1st February 2010. Time trends for lung cancer, anal cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma were broadly consistent. Kaplan-Meier cumulative mortality estimates at 1, 3 and 5 years after NADC diagnosis were 28.2% [95% CI 25.1-31.2], 42.0% [38.2-45.8] and 47.3% [42.4-52.2], respectively. Significant predictors of poorer survival after diagnosis of NADC were lung cancer (compared to other cancer types), male gender, non-white ethnicity, and smoking status. Later year of diagnosis and higher CD4 count at NADC diagnosis were associated with improved survival. The incidence of NADC remained stable over the period 2004-2010 in this large observational cohort.CONCLUSIONS:The prognosis after diagnosis of NADC, in particular lung cancer and disseminated cancer, is poor but has improved somewhat over time. Modifiable risk factors, such as smoking and low CD4 counts, were associated with mortality following a diagnosis of NADC

Leaching of niobium- and REE-bearing iron ores: Significant reduction of H2SO4 consumption using SO2 and activated carbon

An innovative process was developed for the leaching of niobium- and rare earth elements-bearing pyrochlores ores and the subsequent separation of Nb from the REE. Compared to the conventional Nb hydrometallurgical methods, the proposed leaching process is based on a triphasic system: H SO -SO -activated carbon/ore. The implementation of this leaching step allows the selective dissolution of the non-valuable phases while significantly reducing the H SO consumption. The results obtained in continuous operation, at the pilot scale, show a reduction of the sulfur consumption by 48% when compared to the classical H SO pasting-roasting process. The presence of activated carbon, at concentration as low as 0.4% (w/w), was found to considerably fasten the dissolution reactions and allows optimizing the SO utilization to a nearly quantitative rate. The triphasic leaching also affords concentrating the Nb stream which decreases the energy consumption of the down-stream operations and especially for the subsequent Nb-REE-bearing pyrochlores roasting step. The process was optimized at the laboratory scale and then tested in continuous operation for 15 days at a flow of 15 kg h of dry equivalent of non-magnetic Nb-REE pyrochlore ore from the Gabonese Mabounié deposit and the equivalent of 8.25 kg h of H SO and 0.15 kg h of activated carbon. 2 4(aq) 2(g) 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 −1 −1 −

Alternative fuels derived from organic waste : the case of sewage sludge characterization as a potential energy source

International audienc

Nouveaux éléments de chronologie relative et radionumérique à Cussac (Dordogne, France)

International audienc

Le projet collectif de recherche « Grotte de Cussac » (Dordogne, France) : étude d’une cavité ornée à vestiges humains du Gravettien

CD p. 325-342International audienc