O apagamento da cultura alimentar dos povos indígenas e a sistemática necropolítica dos Yanomami

It is intended to carry out a critical analysis of the food culture of the Yanomami indigenous peoples and their historical trajectory in Brazil, as well as the crossings caused not only by the colonization process experienced and which deeply and directly impacted the original peoples, but also by the mining activities ( legal and/or illegal) that constantly violate the Human and Fundamental Rights of these people and their communities, either through the different types of violence practiced, or through the environmental destruction caused – both actions that cause the advanced state of innutrition that has affected, for decades, Yanomami of all age groups, more recently imposing on them a life without dignity and deliberately destined for ethnocide.Pretende-se realizar uma análise crítica sobre a cultura alimentar dos povos indígenas Yanomami e sua trajetória histórica no Brasil, bem como os atravessamentos causados não apenas pelo processo de colonização vivenciado e que impactou profunda e diretamente os povos originários, mas também pelas atividades garimpeiras (legais e/ou ilegais) que constantemente violam os Direitos Humanos e Fundamentais dessas pessoas e suas comunidades, seja através dos distintos tipo de violência praticadas, seja através da destruição ambiental provocada – ambas ações causadoras do estado avançado de desnutrição que atinge, há décadas, Yanomami de todas as faixas etárias impondo-lhes, mais recentemente, uma vida sem dignidade e deliberadamente destinada ao etnocídio

Vidas dizimadas pela pesca de arrasto: uma análise da perda da biodiversidade marinha sob o prisma da bioética e da agenda 2030 da ONU

Resumo: O presente estudo analisa a pesca de arrasto sob a ótica da bioética ambiental e dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) da Agenda 2030 da ONU. Nesse sentido, o objeto da pesquisa é a pesca de arrasto, que é considerada pelos pesquisadores como a maior destruição realizada no fundo dos oceanos, que dizima a biodiversidade marinha e impacta o equilíbrio ecológico do planeta. A hipótese, portanto, é que a prática é incompatível com as metas de sustentabilidade e não se compromete com a bioética ambiental. A metodologia da pesquisa é predominantemente dedutiva, com revisão bibliográfica de estudos científicos. O objetivo geral é analisar a (in)compatibilidade da prática com os objetivos da Agenda 2030 e com o compromisso com a bioética ambiental. Tem como objetivos específicos explicar o conceito e os impactos da pesca de arrasto e estudar os objetivos da Agenda 2030 e os conceitos da bioética ambiental. Depreende-se do presente estudo que a pesca de arrasto é uma prática predatória, capitalista e que não compromete-se com a bioética ambiental ou com os objetivos da Agenda 2030.  Defende-se práticas mais sustentáveis de pesca, mas, principalmente, a redução do consumo de peixes para um futuro possível para as próximas gerações. Palavras-chave: Pesca de Arrasto, Bioética Ambiental, Biodiversidade Marinha, Agenda 2030

THE SYNDEMIC GENDER VIOLENCE IN JUDICIAL DISCOURSES THAT APPLY THE PARENTAL ALIENATION LAW

ABSTRACTObjective: To investigate the use of gender stereotypes by the Court of Justice of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (TJRS) when applying Law N°. 12.318, of August 26, 2010 – known as the Parental Alienation Law (PAL – in its decisions dated between 2019 and 2020.Methodology: The deductive method of research was adopted, contemplated by bibliographical research (scientific articles, theses and books) and by documental research based on reading and critical-reflexive analysis of the decisions of the Court of Justice of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (TJRS)Results: Among the 547 procedural judgements found, we selected for analysis those dated in the limited period between 2019 (82 sentences) and 2020 (36 sentences until October 6). Of 118 second degree decisions evaluated (2019-2020) we noticed that where there were accusations of parental alienation, the women/mothers are most of the alleged parties, in a total of 107 decisions. The year of 2019 made up 82 decisions like that, 75 referring to parental alienation accusations against women/mothers. In 2020 the survey found 36 decisions, in which 32 of them were parental alienation accusations against the women/mothers. The survey also identifies and measures the stereotypes reproduced in the decisions weighed highlighting the fact that during the period studied the fathers received between 4 (2019) to 7 (2020) ratings and, the mothers, between 40 (2019) to 39 (2020) pejorative ratings.Contributions: The research carried out showed that the application of the Parental Alienation Law by the TJRS has been an instrument for the perpetuation of gender stereotypes. Furthermore, the application of the PAL violates the constitutional and conventional rights of women/mothers, children and adolescents.Key Words: Parental Alienation Law. Syndemics Gender Violence. Human Rights. RESUMENObjetivo: Investigar la utilización de estereotipos de género por parte del Tribunal de Justicia del Estado de Rio Grande do Sul (TJRS) al aplicar la Ley N°. 12.318 del 26 de agosto de 2010 – Ley de Alienación Parental (LAP) – en sus decisiones en el período fechado entre los años de 2019 y 2020.Metodología: Se adoptó el método de investigación deductivo, contemplado por la investigación bibliográfica (artículos científicos, tesis y libros) y por la investigación documental basada en la lectura y análisis crítico-reflexivo de las decisiones del Tribunal de Justicia del Estado de Rio Grande do Sul (TJRS).Resultados: De las 547 sentencias procesales encontradas, se seleccionaron para el análisis aquellas fechadas en el período comprendido entre los años 2019 (82 sentencias) y 2020 (36 sentencias hasta octubre). De las 118 sentencias de segundo grado evaluadas (2019-2020) donde aparecieron acusaciones de alienación parental, las mujeres/madres son la mayoría de las acusadas, totalizando 107 sentencias. En 2019, de las 82 decisiones de la TJRS, 75 se refieren a acusaciones de alienación parental contra mujeres/madres. En el año 2020, de las 36 decisiones de la TJRS, 32 se refieren a acusaciones de alienación parental contra mujeres/madres, totalizando 107 decisiones. La investigación identifica y computa los estereotipos reproducidos en las decisiones del TJRS, constatando que, durante el período estudiado, los padres recibieron entre 4 (2019) a 7 (2020) calificativos y, las madres, entre 40 (2019) a 39 (2020) calificativos peyorativos.Contribuciones: La investigación realizada demostró que la aplicación de la Ley de Alienación Parental por parte del TJRS ha sido un instrumento para la perpetuación de los estereotipos de género. Además, la aplicación de la LAP vulnera los derechos constitucionales y convencionales de las mujeres/madres, niñas, niños y adolescentes.Palabras clave: Ley de Alienación Parental. Violencia de Género Sindémica. Derechos Humanos. RESUMOObjetivo: Averiguar a utilização de estereótipos de Gênero pelo Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (TJRS) quando da aplicação da Lei N°. 12.318 de 26 de agosto de 2010 – Lei da Alienação Parental (LAP) – em suas decisões datadas entre os anos de 2019 e 2020. Metodologia: Adotou-se o método dedutivo de pesquisa contemplado pela pesquisa bibliográfica (artigos científicos, teses e livros) e pela pesquisa documental baseada na leitura e análise crítico-reflexiva das decisões do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (TJRS).Resultados: Entre os 547 julgamentos processuais encontrados, selecionou-se para análise aqueles datados no período limitado entre os anos de 2019 (82 acórdãos) e 2020 (36 acórdãos até outubro). Das 118 decisões de segundo grau avaliadas (2019-2020) constata-se que onde apareceram acusações de alienação parental, as mulheres∕mães são a maioria das acusadas, totalizando 107 decisões. No ano de 2019 das 82 decisões do TJRS, 75 se referem a acusações de alienação parental contra as mulheres∕mães. No ano de 2020 das 36 decisões do TJRS, 32 se referem a acusações de alienação parental contra as mulheres∕mães, totalizando 107 decisões. A pesquisa identifica e mensura os estereótipos reproduzidos nas decisões do TJRS, constatando que durante o período estudado os genitores receberam entre 4 (2019) a 7 (2020) qualificações e, as genitoras, entre 40 (2019) a 39 (2020) qualificações pejorativas.Contribuições: A pesquisa realizada demonstrou que a aplicação da Lei de Alienação Parental pelo TJRS tem sido um instrumento para perpetuação dos estereótipos de gênero. Ademais, a aplicação da LAP viola direitos constitucionais e convencionais das mulheres/mães, crianças e adolescentes.Palavras-chave: Lei da Alienação Parental. Sindêmica Violência de Gênero. Direitos Humanos

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

General and abdominal adiposity and hypertension in eight world regions: a pooled analysis of 837 population-based studies with 7·5 million participants

International audienceSummaryBackground Adiposity can be measured using BMI (which is based on weight and height) as well as indices of abdominal adiposity. We examined the association between BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) within and across populations of different world regions and quantified how well these two metrics discriminate between people with and without hypertension.MethodsWe used data from studies carried out from 1990 to 2023 on BMI, WHtR and hypertension in people aged 20–64 years in representative samples of the general population in eight world regions. We graphically compared the regional distributions of BMI and WHtR, and calculated Pearson’s correlation coefficients between BMI and WHtR within each region. We used mixed-effects linear regression to estimate the extent to which WHtR varies across regions at the same BMI. We graphically examined the prevalence of hypertension and the distribution of people who have hypertension both in relation to BMI and WHtR, and we assessed how closely BMI and WHtR discriminate between participants with and without hypertension using C-statistic and net reclassification improvement (NRI).FindingsThe correlation between BMI and WHtR ranged from 0·76 to 0·89 within different regions. After adjusting for age and BMI, mean WHtR was highest in south Asia for both sexes, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. Mean WHtR was lowest in central and eastern Europe for both sexes, in the high-income western region for women, and in Oceania for men. Conversely, to achieve an equivalent WHtR, the BMI of the population of south Asia would need to be, on average, 2·79 kg/m² (95% CI 2·31–3·28) lower for women and 1·28 kg/m² (1·02–1·54) lower for men than in the high-income western region. In every region, hypertension prevalence increased with both BMI and WHtR. Models with either of these two adiposity metrics had virtually identical C-statistics and NRIs for every region and sex, with C-statistics ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 and NRIs ranging from 0·34 to 0·57 in different region and sex combinations. When both BMI and WHtR were used, performance improved only slightly compared with using either adiposity measure alone.InterpretationBMI can distinguish young and middle-aged adults with higher versus lower amounts of abdominal adiposity with moderate-to-high accuracy, and both BMI and WHtR distinguish people with or without hypertension. However, at the same BMI level, people in south Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa, have higher WHtR than in the other regions

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5-19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union