Joint associations of blood plasma proteins with overwinter survival of a large mammal

In many wild animal populations, hosts are at risk of parasites and malnutrition and resource costs of defence may be difficult to afford. We postulate that proteins, important in homeostasis and immunity, play a complex but central role in condition dependence and resource costs of mammalian immune defence. To test this, we measured plasma concentrations of albumin, total proteins. Self-reactive antibodies and parasite-specific IgG in female Soay sheep. Using a principal component analysis, we found a new metric of condition reflecting individual variation in acquisition, assimilation and/or recycling of plasma proteins that predicted overwinter survival. Controlling for this metric, an age-dependent trade-off between antibody titres and protein reserves emerged, indicating costs of mounting an antibody response: younger individuals survived best when prioritising immunity while older individuals fared better when maintaining high-protein nutritional plane. These findings suggest fascinating roles for protein acquisition and allocation in influencing survival in wild animal populations.RG was supported by a Princeton University Health Grand Challenges grant to ALG

The Welfare Implications of Using Exotic Tortoises as Ecological Replacements

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Ecological replacement involves the introduction of non-native species to habitats beyond their historical range, a factor identified as increasing the risk of failure for translocations. Yet the effectiveness and success of ecological replacement rely in part on the ability of translocatees to adapt, survive and potentially reproduce in a novel environment. We discuss the welfare aspects of translocating captive-reared non-native tortoises, <em>Aldabrachelys gigantea</em> and <em>Astrochelys radiata</em>, to two offshore Mauritian islands, and the costs and success of the projects to date.</p> <h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>Because tortoises are long-lived, late-maturing reptiles, we assessed the progress of the translocation by monitoring the survival, health, growth, and breeding by the founders. Between 2000 and 2011, a total of 26 <em>A. gigantea</em> were introduced to Ile aux Aigrettes, and in 2007 twelve sexually immature <em>A. gigantea</em> and twelve male <em>A. radiata</em> were introduced to Round Island, Mauritius. Annual mortality rates were low, with most animals either maintaining or gaining weight. A minimum of 529 hatchlings were produced on Ile aux Aigrettes in 11 years; there was no potential for breeding on Round Island. Project costs were low. We attribute the success of these introductions to the tortoises’ generalist diet, habitat requirements, and innate behaviour.</p> <h3>Conclusions/Significance</h3><p>Feasibility analyses for ecological replacement and assisted colonisation projects should consider the candidate species’ welfare during translocation and in its recipient environment. Our study provides a useful model for how this should be done. In addition to serving as ecological replacements for extinct Mauritian tortoises, we found that releasing small numbers of captive-reared <em>A. gigantea</em> and <em>A. radiata</em> is cost-effective and successful in the short term. The ability to release small numbers of animals is a particularly important attribute for ecological replacement projects since it reduces the potential risk and controversy associated with introducing non-native species.</p> </div

Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.

BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700

Examining the role of genetic risk and longitudinal transmission processes underlying maternal parenting and psychopathology and children’s ADHD symptoms and aggression: utilizing the advantages of a prospective adoption design

Although genetic factors may contribute to initial liability for ADHD onset, there is growing evidence of the potential importance of the rearing environment on the developmental course of ADHD symptomatology. However, associations between family-level variables (maternal hostility, maternal depressive symptoms) and child behaviors (developmental course of ADHD and aggression) may be explained by genes that are shared by biologically related parents and children. Furthermore, ADHD symptoms and aggression commonly co-occur: it is important to consider both simultaneously to have a better understanding of processes underlying the developmental course of ADHD and aggression. To addresses these issues, we employed a longitudinal genetically sensitive parent–offspring adoption design. Analyses were conducted using Cohort I (n = 340) of the Early Growth and Development Study with cross-validation analyses conducted with Cohort II (n = 178). Adoptive mother hostility, but not depression, was associated with later child ADHD symptoms and aggression. Mothers and their adopted children were genetically unrelated, removing passive rGE as a possible explanation. Early child impulsivity/activation was associated with later ADHD symptoms and aggression. Child impulsivity/activation was also associated with maternal hostility, with some evidence for evocative gene-environment correlation processes on adoptive mother depressive symptoms. This study provides novel insights into family-based environmental influences on child ADHD and aggression symptoms, independent of shared parental genetic factors, implications of which are further explicated in the discussion

Methyl methacrylate and respiratory sensitization: A Critical review

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a respiratory irritant and dermal sensitizer that has been associated with occupational asthma in a small number of case reports. Those reports have raised concern that it might be a respiratory sensitizer. To better understand that possibility, we reviewed the in silico, in chemico, in vitro, and in vivo toxicology literature, and also epidemiologic and occupational medicine reports related to the respiratory effects of MMA. Numerous in silico and in chemico studies indicate that MMA is unlikely to be a respiratory sensitizer. The few in vitro studies suggest that MMA has generally weak effects. In vivo studies have documented contact skin sensitization, nonspecific cytotoxicity, and weakly positive responses on local lymph node assay; guinea pig and mouse inhalation sensitization tests have not been performed. Cohort and cross-sectional worker studies reported irritation of eyes, nose, and upper respiratory tract associated with short-term peaks exposures, but little evidence for respiratory sensitization or asthma. Nineteen case reports described asthma, laryngitis, or hypersensitivity pneumonitis in MMA-exposed workers; however, exposures were either not well described or involved mixtures containing more reactive respiratory sensitizers and irritants.The weight of evidence, both experimental and observational, argues that MMA is not a respiratory sensitizer

Estudo prospectivo do derrame pleural pós-cirurgia abdominal e dos fatores de risco associados: avalição por ultra-sonografia Pleural effusion following abdominal surgery and associated risk factors: ultrasound assessment

MOTIVAÇÃO: Derrame pleural é alteração pulmonar comumente observada em exames de imagem após cirurgias abdominais eletivas, sem repercussão clínica na maioria dos enfermos, devendo ser individualizada das complicações pulmonares que requerem tratamento. Sua incidência, bem como os indicadores de risco, são desconhecidos em nosso meio. OBJETIVO: Determinar, pela ultra-sonografia, a incidência de derrame pleural pós-operatório (DPPO) em cirurgias abdominais eletivas e averiguar suas possíveis associações com fatores de risco relacionados aos doentes e procedimentos anestésico-cirúrgicos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudaram-se 21 (56,8%) mulheres e 16 (43,2%) homens, entre 29 e 76 anos, submetidos a cirurgias abdominais eletivas. Os exames ecográficos foram realizados no pré-operatório e 48 horas após a cirurgia. Foram estudados os fatores de risco associados ao paciente - idade maior de 60 anos, sexo, obesidade, tabagismo, etilismo e presença de doenças associadas -, e ao procedimento anestésico-cirúrgico - cirurgia para ressecção de câncer, classe ASA > 2, tempo anestésico-cirúrgico, incisão longitudinal e incisão > 15 cm. A litíase biliar (43,2%) e a presença de câncer gastrintestinal (43,2%) foram os principais responsáveis pela indicação cirúrgica. O DPPO foi graduado de pequeno, médio e grande. RESULTADOS: A incidência de DPPO foi de 70,3% (26/37). Dois (5,4%) desses doentes evoluíram com complicações pulmonares graves, um deles vindo a falecer. Idade maior de 60 anos, tabagismo, etilismo, obesidade e presença de doenças associadas não influenciaram o aparecimento de DPPO. Cirurgia para ressecção de câncer, classe ASA > 2, incisão longitudinal e incisão > 15 cm associaram-se de modo significante à presença de DPPO, que ocorreu mesmo na vigência de antibioticoprofilaxia. O tempo de permanência hospitalar foi 2,4 vezes maior nos doentes com DPPO. CONCLUSÃO: A ocorrência de derrame pleural em pós-operatório de cirurgia abdominal eletiva é muito freqüente. A maioria dos DPPO é autolimitada, evoluindo de modo assintomático. A ecografia na constatação do DPPO mostrou-se efetiva e sua utilização merece ser difundida.<br>BACKGROUND: Pleural effusion is frequently seen on imaging examinations following elective abdominal surgery and has no clinical significance in most patients. This condition should be distinguished from pulmonary complications that require treatment. OBJECTIVE: To prospectively determine the incidence of pleural effusion in patients submitted to elective abdominal surgery using ultrasound (US), and to assess the possible association with risk factors related to the patients and anesthetic-surgical procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven patients, 21 (56.8%) female, and 16 (43.2%) male aged 29 to 76 years submitted to elective abdominal surgery were evaluated. US was performed preoperatively and 48 hours after surgery in all patients. Associated risk factors were also assessed - age > 60 years, sex, obesity, smoking history, alcoholism and associated diseases -, and anesthetic-surgical procedure - cancer resection, class ASA > 2, duration of surgery, longitudinal incision and incision > 15 cm. Biliar lithiasis (43.2%) and gastrointestinal cancer (43.2%) were the main causes leading to surgery. RESULTS: The incidence of postoperative pleural effusion (PPE) detected by US was 70.3% (26/37). Two of these patients (5.4%) developed pulmonary complications, and one died. The risk factors age > 60 years, smoking history, alcoholism, obesity and associated diseases had no influence on the development of the PPE whereas cancer resection, class ASA > 2, longitudinal incision and incision > 15 cm were significantly statistically associated with the presence of PPE. PPE developed even during antibiotic therapy. The duration of hospitalization was more than 2.4 longer in the patients with PPE. CONCLUSION: PPE is a very frequent condition observed in patients submitted to elective abdominal surgery. Most of the cases of PPE are self-limited, resolving without symptoms. The use of the US for the detection of PPE proved to be effective and should therefore be recommended

Influences of biological and adoptive mothers' depression and antisocial behavior on adoptees' early behavior trajectories

Research clearly demonstrates that parents pass risk for depression and antisocial behavior on to their children. However, most research confounds genetic and environmental mechanisms by studying genetically related individuals. Furthermore, most studies focus on either depression or antisocial behavior in parents or children, despite evidence of co-occurrence and shared etiology, and few consider the early origins of these problems in childhood. We estimated the influence of biological and adoptive mothers' depression and antisocial behavior on growth in child externalizing and internalizing behaviors across early childhood using data from a prospective adoption study. Participants were 346 matched triads of physically healthy children (196 boys; 150 girls), biological mothers (BM), and adoptive mothers (AM). Latent growth curve models were estimated using AM reports of child internalizing and externalizing behaviors at ages 18, 27, and 54 months. Predictors of intercept (18 months) but not slope were identified. BM lifetime histories of major depressive disorder predicted child externalizing behaviors and BM antisocial behavior predicted child internalizing behavior. AM depressive symptoms and antisocial behavior were associated with both child outcomes. AM paths, but not BM paths were partially replicated using adopted fathers' reports of child outcomes. BM obstetric complications, prenatal depressive symptoms, and postnatal adoptive family contact with BM did not account for BM paths. This adoption study distinguished risks conferred by biological mothers' depression and antisocial behavior to children's behaviors from those associated with adoptive mothers' related symptoms. Future studies should examine gene-environment interplay to explain the emergence of serious problem trajectories in later childhood