11 research outputs found
Evaluation of Xpert® MTB/RIF and ustar easyNAT™ TB IAD for diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis of children in Tanzania : a prospective descriptive study
Fine needle aspiration biopsy has become a standard approach for diagnosis of peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of Xpert MTB/RIF and Ustar EasyNAT TB IAD nucleic acid amplification assays, against acid-fast bacilli microscopy, cytology and mycobacterial culture for the diagnosis of TB lymphadenitis in children from a TB-endemic setting in Tanzania.; Children of 8Â weeks to 16Â years of age, suspected of having TB lymphadenitis, were recruited at a district hospital in Tanzania. Fine needle aspirates of lymph nodes were analysed using acid-fast bacilli microscopy, liquid TB culture, cytology, Xpert MTB/RIF and EasyNAT. Latent class analysis and comparison against a composite reference standard comprising "culture and/or cytology" was done, to assess the performance of Xpert MTB/RIF and EasyNAT for the diagnosis of TB lymphadenitis.; Seventy-nine children were recruited; 4 were excluded from analysis. Against a composite reference standard of culture and/or cytology, Xpert MTB/RIF and EasyNAT had a sensitivity and specificity of 58Â % and 93Â %; and 19Â % and 100Â % respectively. Relative to latent class definitions, cytology had a sensitivity of 100Â % and specificity of 94.7Â %.; Combining clinical assessment, cytology and Xpert MTB/RIF may allow for a rapid and accurate diagnosis of childhood TB lymphadenitis. Larger diagnostic evaluation studies are recommended to validate these findings and on Xpert MTB/RIF to assess its use as a solitary initial test for TB lymphadenitis in children
Evaluation of Xpert® MTB/RIF and Ustar EasyNAT™ TB IAD for diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis of children in Tanzania: a prospective descriptive study
Small and Medium Enterprises Defaults’ in Commercial Banking in Tanzania:Case study in CRDB Bank (PLC)
This study examined the relationship between non performing loans associated with Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) sector and its determinants among the Commercial Banks in Tanzania. The paper analyse how SMEs could easily access loans from commercial banks to facilitate their transactions, not only for the development of their Enterprises and Shareholders but also for the development of the country through tax payment. Easily accessing of credits have equal footing with payments of credits, this means that SME’s are obliged by the law to pay their loans when falls due, otherwise stern measures are going to be imposed against their collaterals pledged as security in their loans. Loan granting process is a procedure, where by all applicants have to follow all necessary procedures before loans are granted to them. Procedures are including but not limited to; to have business existing, filling application forms, to have the mort-gage being valued by professional values, verification of the valuation by bank officials and finally the loan can either be granted if all processes are in line with the requirements otherwise the application will be rejected. The research methodology used was descriptive which covered both quantitative and qualitative designs. The population of the study covers all commercial banks in Tanzania .In formations are collected by the use of both open and closed ended questions. The questionnaire used five points liker scale which ranged from agree strongly to disagree strongly. Data are edited for accuracy, uniformity, consistency, completeness and are arranged to enable coding and tabulation for final analysis. This study used multiple linear regressions to analyse data
PREVALENCE OF AND FACTORS ASSOCATED WITH ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN TEMEKE IN AUGUST/SEPTEMBER, 2002.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of alcohol consumption in Temeke
district by social demographic characteristics. Methodology:
Population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Temeke district
involving persons above 15 years of age. We selected Keko ward for the
study and simple random sampling procedure was used to select clusters
of ten-cell leaders. All households in the selected ten-cell leaders
were included in the study sample. The study was cleared by the Ethical
Clearance Committee of the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied
Sciences, Dar es Salaam. Chi-squared (χ2) test for contingency
tables was used to assess statistical significance and the results were
considered significant if p-value was less than 0.5. Results: A total
of 246 persons participated in the survey and of these 22% (54) were
alcohol drinkers. The age group 25-35 years showed a high prevalence
with a male preponderance. There was no difference in the drinking
pattern between single and married subjects with 20.1% and 22%
respectively. On education basis, 22.1% of primary school leavers drank
alcohol. Teachers and businessmen drank alcohol more than other
occupational groups with 33.3% and 25.6% respectively. Bad health
effect was the most perceived alcohol related problem occurring in
65.4% of all the respondents. Conclusion: It was concluded that alcohol
consumption was low in Temeke as compared to other regions and was seen
more in males than females and bad health effect was the most perceived
problem resulting from alcohol consumption. We recommend that similar
studies should be done in other districts of Dar-es-Salaam to validate
our findings
High prevalence of tuberculosis diagnosed during autopsy examination at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
The primary aims of tuberculosis (TB) control programmes is early
diagnosis and prompt treatment of infectious cases to limit
transmission. Failure to diagnose and adequately treat TB could lead to
premature death and unrecognized transmission of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis . The proportion of missed TB cases has not been reported
in Tanzania. The objective of this study was to quantify the number of
cases of TB identified by autopsy. Deceased morbid bodies from
Muhimbili National Hospital were involved. Retrieval of admission,
diagnostic and other important records used to manage the patient after
admission was done. Demographic information, site and type of disease,
past medical history, chest x-ray report, clinical diagnosis and cause
of death reported upon death certification were recorded. Lung tissues,
lymphnodes and blood clots for HIV testing were collected. Biopsy
tissues were processed through Ziehl Nielsen staining and examined by
microscopy. The study involved 74 deceased individuals where 56 (75.7%)
were males. Information for duration of seeking health care before
death was available for 41(55.4%) subjects. Thirty-four (45.9%) cases
received diagnosis before death. The main diagnoses were pneumonia
10(13.5%), heart failure 6(8.1%), AIDS-related illnesses 6 (6.8%) and
malaria 5 (6.8%). The main clinical findings were wasting (51/74
(68.9%)) and abnormal fluid collection in different body cavities,
61(50.8%). In 24 out of 71(33.8%) biopsies acid fast bacilli (AFB) were
detected. Records of lymphnodes examination were available in 63 cases
and 22 of them had AFB. Twenty-two (34.9%) from the paratracheal and
hilar lymphnodes were observed to have AFB. HIV was detected by ELISA
in 19 (33.3%) out of 57 deceased, and 12 (63.2%) of the HIV positive
deceased were co-infected with TB. Out of the 22 cases positive for AFB
on tissue-biopsies 12 (54.5%) were HIV positive. There is a high number
of TB cases diagnosed after death that could not be detected before
they died. There is a need for increased awareness and to include
postmortem data in the annual statistics of TB for precise reporting of
the magnitude of the TB burden in the country