182 research outputs found
Current challenges in postharvest biology of fruit ripening
This paper reviews the recent advances in the understanding of the fruit ripening process and describes future challenges. Fruit ripening is a complex developmental process which is orchestrated by the expression of ripening-related genes under the control of a network of signaling pathways. In climacteric fruit components responsible for the production of climacteric ethylene have been identified. Less progress has been made on non-climacteric fruit. Great advances have been made in the characterization of transcription factors (ERFs, RIN, etc...) that induce gene expression through the binding to their promoters. Genetic resources, genome sequencing and “omics” tools have been developed bringing a huge amount of data that will help to draw together an integrative network of regulatory and signaling pathways responsible for triggering and coordinating the ripening process. The discovery that some ripening events are controlled at the epigenetic level and, not in relation with the DNA sequences, opens novel perspectives
Transcriptional regulatory networks controlling woolliness in peach in response to preharvest gibberellin application and cold storage
BACKGROUND: Postharvest fruit conservation relies on low temperatures and manipulations of hormone metabolism to maintain sensory properties. Peaches are susceptible to chilling injuries, such as ‘woolliness’ that is caused by juice loss leading to a ‘wooly’ fruit texture. Application of gibberellic acid at the initial stages of pit hardening impairs woolliness incidence, however the mechanisms controlling the response remain unknown. We have employed genome wide transcriptional profiling to investigate the effects of gibberellic acid application and cold storage on harvested peaches. RESULTS: Approximately half of the investigated genes exhibited significant differential expression in response to the treatments. Cellular and developmental process gene ontologies were overrepresented among the differentially regulated genes, whereas sequences in cell death and immune response categories were underrepresented. Gene set enrichment demonstrated a predominant role of cold storage in repressing the transcription of genes associated to cell wall metabolism. In contrast, genes involved in hormone responses exhibited a more complex transcriptional response, indicating an extensive network of crosstalk between hormone signaling and low temperatures. Time course transcriptional analyses demonstrate the large contribution of gene expression regulation on the biochemical changes leading to woolliness in peach. CONCLUSION: Overall, our results provide insights on the mechanisms controlling the complex phenotypes associated to postharvest textural changes in peach and suggest that hormone mediated reprogramming previous to pit hardening affects the onset of chilling injuries. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-015-0659-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users
Genome-wide analysis of the AP2/ERF superfamily in apple and transcriptional evidence of ERF involvement in scab pathogenesis
The APETALA2 (AP2)/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) superfamily of transcriptional regulators is involved in several growth, development and stress responses processes in higher plants. Currently, the available information on the biological roles of AP2/ERF genes is derived from Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present work, we have investigated genomic and transcriptional aspects of AP2/ERF genes in the economically important perennial species, Malus
×domestica. We have identified 259 sequences containing at least one ERF domain in apple genome. The vast majority of the putative proteins display predicted nuclear localization, compatible with a biological role in transcription regulation. The AP2 and ERF families are greatly expanded in apple. Whole-genome analyses in other plant species have identified a single genomic sequence with divergent ERF, whereas in apple seven soloists are present. In the apple genome, the most noteworthy expansion occurred in sub-groups V, VIII and IX of the ERF family. Expression profiling analyses have revealed the association of ripening-involved ERF genes to scab (Venturia inequalis) pathogenesis in the susceptible Gala cultivar, indicating that gene expansion processes were accompanied by functional divergence. The presented analyses of AP2/ERF genes in apple provide evidences of shared ethylene-mediated signaling pathways in ripening and disease responses
Resíduos de pesticidas em vegetais vendidos na região Sul do Brasil
Pesticide use is a widespread practice in agricultural production for pest control. The use of these products must adopt Good Agricultural Practices; therefore, the food is expected to be according to the current parameters. For this, the National Program for the Control of Residues and Contaminants of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock created a diagnosis of the products’ quality. In this way, the program carried out pesticide analyses to evaluate the conformity of products of plant origin. From the analyzed products, fruits with broad commercialization and production in a state with more analyses were segregated. Based on these data, the banana, potato, apple, tomato, and grape results in the Rio Grande do Sul state (Southern Brazil) were analyzed and interpreted. This survey was conducted from 2016 to 2020, and data were compiled to assess the conformity of fresh vegetables. Samples with residual levels of pesticides above the maximum reference limit for the crop or with residual not allowed for the crop no-tolerance were considered non-conformance. The overall compliance rate for the highlighted vegetables was greater than 95%. The data were similar to countries with rigorous monitoring and application standards for this chemical hazard. Most of the non-conformities occurred due to the presence of residues above the maximum reference limit for the crop, especially due to the presence of insecticides from the chemical groups organophosphates and pyrethroids. These results show that food produced and consumed in Brazil has quality characteristics similar to those in developed countries. Illustrating that the food consumed by the population is safe. To obtain better results, technical assistance to farmers is essential, aiming to reduce the incidence of residues above the Maximum Limit for the crop.A utilização de agrotóxicos é uma prática altamente frequente na produção agrícola, por contribuir no controle de pragas. O uso desses produtos deve respeitar as Boas Práticas Agrícolas (BPA), e, como consequência espera-se que os alimentos se enquadrem nos parâmetros vigentes. Para que essa garantia seja validada, há o Programa Nacional de Controle de Resíduos e Contaminantes (PNCRC) Vegetal do Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária (MAPA), visando a elaboração de um diagnóstico da qualidade dos produtos. Com base nesses estudos, fez-se uma análise e interpretação dos resultados obtidos com os alimentos: banana, batata, maçã, tomate e uva comercializados no Rio Grande do Sul. Foram compiladas informações de documentos emitidos para o programa, no período entre 2016 a 2020, a fim de avaliar a conformidade dos alimentos in natura. Foram consideradas não conformes as amostras que apresentavam teores residuais de agrotóxicos acima do limite máximo de referência (LMR) para a cultura ou aquelas com residual não permitido para a cultura (NPC). O índice de conformidade geral para os hortícolas destacados foi superior a 95%. Os dados foram semelhantes aos de países citados como rigorosos no monitoramento e fiscalização desse perigo químico. A maior parte das não conformidades (NC) ocorreu pela presença de resíduos acima do LMR para a cultura, em especial pela presença de inseticidas dos grupos químicos organofosforados e piretróides. Estes resultados demonstram que os alimentos produzidos e consumidos no Brasil possuem características de qualidade semelhantes à de países desenvolvidos. Ilustrando o que o alimento ingerido pela população é seguro. Para se obterem melhores resultados é essencial assistência técnica para os agricultores, visando diminuir a incidência de resíduos acima do Limite Máximo para o produto
Manejo de soja transgênica com glifosato e imazetapir: efeito sobre a mesofauna e microbiota do solo
A estabilidade de diferentes organismos da mesofauna, como ácaros e colêmbolos, e a atividade microbiana do solo são indicadores de qualidade físico-química e biológica do solo. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de métodos de controle de plantas concorrentes sobre a qualidade do solo cultivado com soja transgênica. Neste contexto, foram cultivados dois genótipos de soja, geneticamente modificada (GMRR) BRS 244 RR e não modificada (NM) BRS 154, no Centro Agropecuário da Palma da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (CAP), nas safras de 2005/2006 e 2006/2007. Para o controle de plantas daninhas, testaram-se, tratamentos com glifosato, imazetapir e capina. Avaliaram-se populações de ácaros e colêmbolos, o carbono da biomassa microbiana, a respiração basal e o quociente metabólico do solo. Verificou-se que a aplicação dos herbicidas, principalmente de glifosato, em soja BRS 244 RR cultivada em Planossolo resultou em desestabilidade da mesofauna e maior atividade da biomassa microbiana
Identification of biomarkers associated to ‘Gala’ apples ripening and postharvest quality
Apple is, sociocultural and economically, on of the most important species in the world, and stands out for its high storage potential. However, the monitoring of factors that could result in fruit quality modifications during postharvest is essential to ensure the acceptability and for the development of new storage technologies in order to increase fruit shelf life. Approaches focused on molecular biology, such as RT-qPCR have been used to better understand the mechanisms involved in fruit development and maturation. In this study the use of RT-qPCR to monitoring apple quality during ripening and development in different postharvest conditions such as room temperature, cold storage with or without control of atmosphere and the 1-methylcyclopropene usage were proposed. The potential of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and response, cell wall modification and degradation, sugar and aroma metabolisms for employment as biomarkers of fruit development and quality were evaluated. Thus MdEXP4 is highlighted as biomarker for development and MdACO1, MdPG1, MdAF1, MdAF3 and MdAAT2 as potential biomarkers for ripening. MdACO1 and MdPG1 appear as suitable markers for quality, conservation technologies and storage time in apples. This work suggests that the study of gene expression by RT-qPCR may be an alternative for a better fruit characterization during the development and postharvest period.Apple is, sociocultural and economically, on of the most important species in the world, and stands out for its high storage potential. However, the monitoring of factors that could result in fruit quality modifications during postharvest is essential to ensure the acceptability and for the development of new storage technologies in order to increase fruit shelf life. Approaches focused on molecular biology, such as RT-qPCR have been used to better understand the mechanisms involved in fruit development and maturation. In this study the use of RT-qPCR to monitoring apple quality during ripening and development in different postharvest conditions such as room temperature, cold storage with or without control of atmosphere and the 1-methylcyclopropene usage were proposed. The potential of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and response, cell wall modification and degradation, sugar and aroma metabolisms for employment as biomarkers of fruit development and quality were evaluated. Thus MdEXP4 is highlighted as biomarker for development and MdACO1, MdPG1, MdAF1, MdAF3 and MdAAT2 as potential biomarkers for ripening. MdACO1 and MdPG1 appear as suitable markers for quality, conservation technologies and storage time in apples. This work suggests that the study of gene expression by RT-qPCR may be an alternative for a better fruit characterization during the development and postharvest period
QUALIDADE SENSORIAL DE MAÇÃS PRODUZIDAS EM DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE PRODUÇÃO
The objective was to evaluate the quality sensory of post-harvest apples grown under conventional production systems in transition from conventional-organic, organic and integrated. Cvs apples were harvested. Imperial Gala, Fuji Suprema and Catarina, in commercial orchards in the municipality of São Joaquim / SC in the 2002/03 seasons in four production systems. The fruit were stored in the atmosphere conventional 0 ± 1 ºC and 93 ± 5% RH for 3 months for the ‘Imperial Gala’ and 5 months for the ‘Fuji Suprema’ and ‘Catarina’, followed by 7 days to 15-20 °C. The sensory evaluations were performed at harvest and after of storage. In the joint evaluation of the apples in production systems may arise in a superior visual characteristics of fruit grown in orchards conducted in integrated production systems and organic. In characteristic taste it is superior in fruit grown in organic and integrated system, emphasizing the attributes of acidity, flavor, juiciness and tenderness. The fruits produced in organic and integrated system exhibit superior sensory quality those produced in other production systems.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os efeitos dos sistemas de produção nos atributos de qualidade sensorial, na colheita e após a conservação pós-colheita, de maçãs produzidas em pomares conduzidos em sistemas de produção convencional, em transição convencional-orgânico, integrado e orgânico. Foram colhidas maçãs cvs. Imperial Gala, Fuji Suprema e Catarina, em pomares comerciais no município de São Joaquim/SC na safra de 2002/03, nestes quatro sistemas de produção. As frutas foram armazenadas em atmosfera convencional à 0±1 ºC e 93±5% de UR, por 3 meses para a ‘Imperial Gala’, e 5 meses para a ‘Fuji Suprema’ e ‘Catarina’, seguidos de 7 dias à 15-20 °C. As avaliações sensoriais foram realizadas na colheita e após armazenamento. Na avaliação conjunta das maçãs nos sistemas de produção pode-se verificar, de modo geral, uma superioridade nas características visuais das frutas produzidas em pomares conduzidos nos sistemas de produção integrado e orgânico. Na característica degustativa, de modo geral, verificou-se superioridade nas frutas produzidas em sistema integrado e orgânico, ressaltados pelos atributos de acidez, sabor, suculência e maciez. As frutas produzidas no sistema integrado e orgânico apresentam qualidade sensorial superior às frutas produzidas nos demais sistemas de produção
Apropriação tecnológica da produção integrada de pêssegos na região de Pelotas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
A produção integrada de pêssego (PIP) teve seu marco inicial no Brasil em 1999. Este estudo analisou o nível tecnológico no qual encontram-se os produtores de pêssego, identificando a taxa de adoção dos sistemas de produção integrada (PI), buscando evidenciar os fatores determinantes de sua validação. Para isso, foi realizada a aplicação de questionário semi-estruturado a 20 produtores de pêssego, nos quais foram levantadas informações das unidades de produção relacionadas à sua caracterização e tecnologia de produção, no período de 2006 a 2007. Os principais fatores apontados como limitantes para a gestão da PIP foram: o pouco conhecimento sobre a norma da PIP; a restrita lista de agrotóxicos registrados para utilização pela cultura; e a falta de diferenciação e remuneração do pêssego produzido sob as normas da PI. Os pontos detectados como positivos foram: a identificação do aumento do interesse sobre a PIP por parte dos produtores, com destaque para a identificação dos benefícios ambientais e de proteção do produtor e a redução do uso de insumos externos (especialmente agrotóxicos) e de operações de manejo do solo.</jats:p
Destanização e conservação de frutos de jambolão
Foram estudadas alternativas para a redução da adstringência (destanização) e conservação de frutos de jambolão (Syzygium cumini, L.). Para isso, no primeiro experimento, os frutos foram colhidos no estádio meio-maduro, mantidos sob temperatura ambiente e submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: controle (atmosfera normal), 98kPa CO2, 20kPa CO2, 98kPa N2, etileno (100ppm), 1-MCP (1ppm) seguido de etileno (100ppm) e 3,85mL de etanol absoluto L-1. Foram avaliados os teores de acetaldeído e de taninos solúveis, a firmeza e a adstringência dos frutos. No segundo experimento, os frutos foram colhidos no estádio maduro e armazenados em atmosfera modificada passiva, sob temperatura ambiente (AMPA, 23±1°C) e atmosfera modificada passiva refrigerada (AMPR, 4±1°C), pelo período de cinco, 10 e 15 dias. Frutos provenientes dos tratamentos com N2, etileno e etanol apresentaram os melhores resultados quanto à destanização, com aumento nos teores de acetaldeído e diminuição dos taninos solúveis e da adstringência; entretanto, os tratamentos com etileno e etanol causaram amolecimento excessivo nos frutos. O armazenamento em AMPR conservou melhor a coloração roxo-azulada dos frutos e, além de prevenir a incidência de fungos, auxiliou na manutenção dos teores de fenóis totais e de ácido ascórbico e na atividade antioxidante dos frutos
- …
