El comercio de anfibios y la presencia de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis en vida libre: ¿dispersión en círculo vicioso?

The amphibian trade has an important role in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) persistence, for at least 28 amphibian species can serve as vectors. The objectives of this work are to evaluate the presence and prevalence of Bd in amphibian traded in two petshops in Mexico City, as well as to verify their presence in wild amphibian populations of species traded. It was found that 92% of amphibians sold in the two petshops were captured free-living, and 37.3% of these animals were infected with Bd, according to histological analysis. The prevalence of 30.8% of Bd in wild amphibians at the wild capture sites was detected by means of DNA amplification. No significant differences were found between prevalence of wild and trade amphibians, but the trend was higher for trade amphibians. The importance of amphibian management and conservation plans has been growing in the last years. The pet trade and its capture from the wild turn these trade routes and their captive management into means of pathogenic dispersion, which may increase the risk of disease outbreaks.Keywords: Chytridiomycosis, pet trade, optical microscopy, nested PCR.El comercio de anfibios tiene un papel importante en la persistencia del Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), ya que al menos 28 especies pueden servir como vectores. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron evaluar la presencia de Bd en anfibios comercializados en dos mercados de mascotas en la Ciudad de México; además verificamos su presencia en poblaciones silvestres de las especies comerciadas. Se encontró que el 92% de los anfibios comercializados fueron capturados de vida libre, y el 37.3% estuvieron infectados con Bd de acuerdo con análisis histológicos. La prevalencia de 30.8% de Bd en anfibios silvestres fue detectada por amplificación de ADN. No hubo diferencias significativas entre las prevalencias de los anfibios silvestres y de comercio, pero la tendencia es mayor para los anfibios de comercio. La importancia de los planes de conservación de anfibios a nivel mundial ha crecido en los últimos años. El mercado de mascotas y la captura de individuos de vida libre hacen que las rutas de comercio y el manejo de individuos para estos fines sea una forma de dispersión de patógenos y un gran riesgo de brotes de las enfermedades.Palabras claves: Quitridiomicosis, mercado de mascotas, microscopia óptica, PCR anidado

Genetic Analysis Method for Staphylococcus chromogenes Associated with Goat Mastitis

Nekada su tvrtke svoje zaposlenike o novostima u poduzeću informirale putem oglasnih ploča, no u današnje vrijeme to se čini putem e-maila ili interneta, a interno komuniciranje čini sve važniji dio odnosa sa javnošću poduzeća. Ono je prisutno u svim organizacijama, bez obzira na veličinu ili predmet poslovanja poduzeća. Međutim, ono se često zanemaruje jer se ne prepoznaje njegova važnost za poduzeće. Osnovni cilj ovoga rada je prikazati značaj interne komunikacije za poduzeća, kao i utjecaj menadžera i rukovoditelja u obavljanju poslova poduzeća. Dolazi se do zaključka da komunikacija između zaposlenika (horizontalna komunikacija) i komunikacija između podređenih i nadređenih (vertikalna komunikacija) u poduzeću utječe na zadovoljstvo i sami rad zaposlenika. Razlog tome je nedostatak informacija koji rezultira u neefikasnom radu zaposlenika, a tim i njihovim nezadovoljstvom. Najznačnije informacije koje se komuniciraju uključuju razna znanja, iskustva te razmjenu podataka značajnih za poslovanje tvrtki i rad njenih djelatnika. U samom radu pojasnit će se djelovanje internog komuniciranja u poduzećima; značaj internog komuniciranja, imidža i strategije za poslovanje poduzeća; problemi internog komuniciranja u poduzećima, a samim tim i dobre strane internog komuniciranja

Genetic Analysis Method for Staphylococcus chromogenes Associated with Goat Mastitis

Mastitis in goats is mainly caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS). The identification methods for this group are based on evaluating the expression of phenotypic characteristics such as the ability to metabolize various substrates; however, this is disadvantageous as these methods are dependent on gene expression. In recent years, genotyping methods such as the Multiple Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) and gene identification have been useful for epidemiological study of several bacterial species. To develop a genotyping method, the genome sequence of Staphylococcus chromogenes MU970 was analysed. The analysis showed nine virulence genes described in Staphylococcus aureus. The MLVA was developed using four loci identified in the genome of S. chromogenes MU970. This genotyping method was examined in 23 strains of CNS isolated from goat mastitis. The rate of discrimination for MLVA was 0.8893, and the highest rates of discrimination per the index of Simpson and Hunter-Gaston were 0.926 and 0.968 for the locus 346_06, respectively. The virulence genes were present in all strains of S. chromogenes but not in other CNS. The genotyping method presented in this paper is a viable and easy method for typifying CNS isolates from mastitis cases in different regions and is an ideal mean of tracking this disease

Formas y prácticas de la sociabilidad letrada

En las últimas décadas se ha dado una notable proliferación de estudios dedicados a las redes intelectuales, que se suman a otro extraordinario número de trabajos orientados al seguimiento de formas y prácticas de sociabilidad letrada establecidas a través de cartas, viajes, encuentros y debates, circulación de textos y lecturas, intervenciones en el espacio público, fundación de asociaciones e instituciones, organización de empresas culturales y proyectos editoriales, entre muchas otras manifestaciones de diálogo e intercambio de ideas. Todo ello hizo posible avanzar en el reconocimiento de fenómenos de confluencia entre redes intelectuales y redes textuales. Estos estudios han enriquecido nuestra comprensión de ese ámbito que Alfonso Reyes llamó "la inteligencia americana" y han mostrado el papel que dichas formas y prácticas desempeñan en la vida de nuestra cultura. De allí el propósito central del presente volumen colectivo: dejar testimonio, a partir de distintos acercamientos centrados en el siglo XX, de los fenómenos de cruce entre redes intelectuales y redes textuales, a través del estudio de revistas, proyectos culturales e iniciativas editoriales, así como de algunas figuras nodales que contribuyeron a hacer converger y potenciar las distintas modalidades de la sociabilidad letrada. La idea central que anima a este libro es por tanto que las publicaciones y los distintos proyectos culturales en que participan diferentes sectores de la inteligencia americana son lugares de confluencia y multiplicación de lazos entre creadores y críticos a la vez que contribuyen a tejer y consolidar esos vínculos. Dicho de otro modo, las redes literarias e intelectuales convergen en redes textuales en un continuo proceso de retroalimentación, al tiempo que por su parte constituyen nudos que las consolidan y permiten a su vez retomar el tejido de muchas formas de la sociabilidad letrada.Libro

Global attitudes in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic: ACIE Appy Study

Background: Surgical strategies are being adapted to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations on the management of acute appendicitis have been based on expert opinion, but very little evidence is available. This study addressed that dearth with a snapshot of worldwide approaches to appendicitis. Methods: The Association of Italian Surgeons in Europe designed an online survey to assess the current attitude of surgeons globally regarding the management of patients with acute appendicitis during the pandemic. Questions were divided into baseline information, hospital organization and screening, personal protective equipment, management and surgical approach, and patient presentation before versus during the pandemic. Results: Of 744 answers, 709 (from 66 countries) were complete and were included in the analysis. Most hospitals were treating both patients with and those without COVID. There was variation in screening indications and modality used, with chest X-ray plus molecular testing (PCR) being the commonest (19\ub78 per cent). Conservative management of complicated and uncomplicated appendicitis was used by 6\ub76 and 2\ub74 per cent respectively before, but 23\ub77 and 5\ub73 per cent, during the pandemic (both P < 0\ub7001). One-third changed their approach from laparoscopic to open surgery owing to the popular (but evidence-lacking) advice from expert groups during the initial phase of the pandemic. No agreement on how to filter surgical smoke plume during laparoscopy was identified. There was an overall reduction in the number of patients admitted with appendicitis and one-third felt that patients who did present had more severe appendicitis than they usually observe. Conclusion: Conservative management of mild appendicitis has been possible during the pandemic. The fact that some surgeons switched to open appendicectomy may reflect the poor guidelines that emanated in the early phase of SARS-CoV-2