Review of the broadcasting powers and responsibilities in selected countries Report for the expert panel on a shadow broadcasting and communications authority for Wales

This report provides a review of the broadcasting powers and responsibilities in the Basque Country, Canada, Denmark, the Republic of Ireland and Estonia. The research is based on analysis of official policy documents, industry data and academic literature published over the last 15 years from these countries and across European and international media policy domains. Through five profiles the report presents a factual summary of each country’s media system,supported by in-depth case studies of contemporary debates within that country on public media governance, regulation, funding and content provision. The report examines specific issues relating to serving the needs and interests of distinct linguistic and cultural communities, as well as exploring the countries’ strategies for adapting policy and public service organisations to the digital media landscape. The report also offers a summary of our findings and general observations on the structure of these various media systems, their distinct approaches to policymaking, and the implications of different models or methods for governing and regulating public media. We hope the cases presented are interesting, informative and useful for the Expert Panel’s deliberations on the prospects for the devolution of broadcasting powers to Wales

Jupiter's X-ray Emission During Solar Minimum

The 2007–2009 solar minimum was the longest of the space age. We present the first of two companion papers on Chandra and XMM‐Newton X‐ray campaigns of Jupiter through February–March 2007. We find that low solar X‐ray flux during solar minimum causes Jupiter's equatorial regions to be exceptionally X‐ray dim (0.21 GW at minimum; 0.76 GW at maximum). While the Jovian equatorial emission varies with solar cycle, the aurorae have comparably bright intervals at solar minimum and maximum. We apply atomic charge exchange models to auroral spectra and find that iogenic plasma of sulphur and oxygen ions provides excellent fits for XMM‐Newton observations. The fitted spectral S:O ratios of 0.4–1.3 are in good agreement with in situ magnetospheric S:O measurements of 0.3–1.5, suggesting that the ions that produce Jupiter's X‐ray aurora predominantly originate inside the magnetosphere. The aurorae were particularly bright on 24–25 February and 8–9 March, but these two observations exhibit very different spatial, spectral, and temporal behavior; 24–25 February was the only observation in this campaign with significant hard X‐ray bremsstrahlung from precipitating electrons, suggesting this may be rare. For 8–9 March, a bremsstrahlung component was absent, but bright oxygen O6+ lines and best‐fit models containing carbon, point to contributions from solar wind ions. This contribution is absent in the other observations. Comparing simultaneous Chandra ACIS and XMM‐Newton EPIC spectra showed that ACIS systematically underreported 0.45‐ to 0.6‐keV Jovian emission, suggesting quenching may be less important for Jupiter's atmosphere than previously thought. We therefore recommend XMM‐Newton for spectral analyses and quantifying opacity/quenching effects

The role of war in deep transitions: exploring mechanisms, imprints and rules in sociotechnical systems

This paper explores in what ways the two world wars influenced the development of sociotechnical systems underpinning the culmination of the first deep transition. The role of war is an underexplored aspect in both the Techno-Economic Paradigms (TEP) approach and the Multi-level perspective (MLP) which form the two key conceptual building blocks of the Deep Transitions (DT) framework. Thus, we develop a conceptual approach tailored to this particular topic which integrates accounts of total war and mechanisms of war from historical studies and imprinting from organisational studies with the DT framework’s attention towards rules and meta-rules. We explore in what ways the three sociotechnical systems of energy, food, and transport were affected by the emergence of new demand pressures and logistical challenges during conditions of total war; how war impacted the directionality of sociotechnical systems; the extent to which new national and international policy capacities emerged during wartime in the energy, food, and transport systems; and the extent to which these systems were influenced by cooperation and shared sacrifice under wartime conditions. We then explore what lasting changes were influenced by the two wars in the energy, food, and transport systems across the transatlantic zone. This paper seeks to open up a hitherto neglected area in analysis on sociotechnical transitions and we discuss the importance of further research that is attentive towards entanglements of warfare and the military particularly in the field of sustainability transitions

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

ECOGOV : une sociologie politique des science écosystémiques

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]DTAM [Axe_IRSTEA]DTAM2-ACPUBInternational audienceThe aim of this communication is to present the project "ECOGOV: A political sociology of ECOsystem sciences: theories, narratives, interactions and GOVernance", funded by the COTE LabEx, University of Bordeaux (2015-2018). ECOGOV analyses interdependent coupling practices between sciences and politics institutionalizing an 'Ecosystem Approach' to sustainable management of forestry, marine and estuarine ecosystems in Aquitaine. It further seeks to capture climate change effects on these coupling practices. For forestry ecosystems, project partners are Irstea (Bordeaux ETBX) & INRA (UMR BIOGECO, Pierroton) & EFI Atlantic. In this presentation, I will set out (i) the underlying assumptions made in ECOGOV (ii) the analytical tools developed to study science-politics coupling practices (iii) some first elements of project work. Illustrations will be made throughout to the case of forestry. But, I will also raise the importance of comparative work to produce a comprehensive analysis of ecosystem science and politics coupling practices in the sustainable management of forests. Overall the presentation will argue that in adopting an Ecosystem Approach (EA), a dilemma is posed for both science and politics - and hence the involvement of scientists and stakeholders in forestry political processes (Forsyth, 2005). First, the EA challenges assumptions that science speaks 'truth' to 'power'. Rather, the EA views scientific truth as social consensus which must be worked upon and managed by scientists (natural & social), and invites a broader understanding of what counts as evidence in decision-making (Elgert 2010: 386), e.g. use of user or lay knowledge. Second, the EA challenges dominant categories of thought mobilized in forestry resource management and which have served to segment reality, e.g., 'single species', 'stock', 'sector' or 'zone'. Indeed, the very notion of an ecosystem runs counter to this way of reasoning, focusing instead on inter-relationships between species, interdependencies between sectors and/or zones. In applying an EA, therefore, not only will management have to mediate new tensions, e.g. ecosystem versus sector management, but science will too, e.g. ecosystem versus stock assessment. These tensions between 'old' segemented versus 'new' ecosystem coupling approaches are not the only ones which the shift to an EA is producing. Rather, already in the early stages of our project we can identify other oppositions at work within the EA. These include between integrated versus ecosystem management (Curtin & Prellezo 2010); between evolutionary 'win-win' ecsosytem approaches versus political sociological conflictual 'winners and losers' approaches (Carter, Sergent et al, 2015; Sandström et al, 2015) ii) between definitions of scale (Healey, 2004). How these tensions are mediated all have importance consequences for knowledge use in policymaking. Moreover, how the ecological problem is defined - and against which management is pitched - is already emerging in our analysis as key in explaining differences between coupling practices across ecosystems (forestry, marine, estuarine). In forestry, both the lack of perceived ecological problems of biodiversity or diminution of stocks - as well as acknowledged ecological problems associated with impacts of extreme events such as storms - are critical in explaining specificities on the trajectory of the EA (and hence knowledge use). The future case study work of ECOGOVFOR - and the phD thesis of Paul Conchon - will therefore go further in this analysis to research transforming practices of involvement of scientists and stakeholders over, 1) changes in management practices following the 1999 storm and the 2009 storm compared; 2) shifts towards ecosystem coupling practices when implementing regional programmes to restore and plant trees associated with risk management