Hemodynamic provocation with acetazolamide shows impaired cerebrovascular reserve in adults with sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease is characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia and vascular inflammation, which can diminish the vasodilatory capacity of the small resistance arteries, making them less adept at regulating cerebral blood flow. Autoregulation maintains adequate oxygen delivery, but when vasodilation is maximized, the low arterial oxygen content can lead to ischemia and silent cerebral infarcts. We used magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral blood flow to quantify whole-brain cerebrovascular reserve in 36 adult patients with sickle cell disease (mean age, 31.9 +/- 11.3 years) and 11 healthy controls (mean age, 37.4 +/- 15.4 years), and we used high-resolution 3D FLAIR magnetic resonance imaging to determine the prevalence of silent cerebral infarcts. Cerebrovascular reserve was calculated as the percentage change in cerebral blood flow after a hemodynamic challenge with acetazolamide. Co-registered lesion maps were used to demonstrate prevalent locations for silent cerebral infarcts. Cerebral blood flow was elevated in patients with sickle cell disease compared to controls (median [interquartile range]: 82.8 [20.1] vs. 51.3 [4.8] mL/100g/min, P<0.001). Cerebral blood flow was inversely associated with age, hemoglobin, and fetal hemoglobin, and correlated positively with bilirubin, and LDH, indicating that cerebral blood flow may reflect surrogates of hemolytic rate. Cerebrovascular reserve in sickle cell disease was decreased by half compared to controls (34.1 [33.4] vs. 69.5 [32.4] %, P<0.001) and was associated with hemoglobin and erythrocyte count indicating anemia-induced hemodynamic adaptations. In total, 29/36 patients (81%) and 5/11 controls (45%) had silent cerebral infarcts (median volume of 0.34 vs. 0.02 mL, P=0.03). Lesions were preferentially located in the borderzone. In conclusion, patients with sickle cell disease have a globally reduced cerebrovascular reserve as determined by arterial spin labeling with acetazolamide and reflects anemia-induced impaired vascular function in sickle cell disease

Cognitive improvement after kidney transplantation is associated with structural and functional changes on MRI

Several studies have reported improved cognitive outcomes after kidney transplantation, but most studies either did not include controls or lacked extensive neuroimaging. In addition, there is uncertainty whether kidney donation is a safe procedure in terms of cognitive outcomes.Education and Child Studie