Análisis molecular de los cambios evolutivos en poblaciones de Ophiostoma novo-ulmi

The spread of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi across Europe, North America and central Asia, resulted in the current, highly destructive Dutch elm disease (DED) pandemic, replacing O. ulmi, responsible for the first DED pandemic in the early 1900s. This process has resulted in a series of remarkable evolutionary and adaptive developments. Studies of O. novo- ulmi populations in the 1980s, especially in Spain and Portugal, showed the following: 1) that O. novo-ulmi initially spread across Europe as a series of genetic clones; 2) that deleterious RNA viruses were transmitted within the O. novo-ulmi clones; 3) that natural hybrids between O. novo-ulmi subspecies americana and subsp. novo-ulmi, emerged widely across Europe; 4) that there has also been a widespread emergence, across Europe, of natural hybrids between O. novo-ulmi subspecies americana and also subsp. novo-ulmi. The factors driving these changes have been examined by molecular analysis. Results show: 1) that the rapid change from clonality to genetic variability involved the acquisition of ‘useful’ mating type, vegetative compatibility type and other genes by O. novo-ulmi from O. ulmi via lateral (or interspecies) gene transfer; whereas ‘unuseful’ O. ulmi genes were discarded; 2) that the RNA viruses occurring in the O. novo-ulmi populations probably originated from O. ulmi; and 3) and that where O. novo-ulmi subsp. americana and subsp. novo-ulmi co-exist, natural hybrids are occurring very freely; in some areas most O. novo-ulmi isolates are already complex subspp. americana x novo-ulmi hybrids. These phenomena features are unique, and have considerable implications for the invasion history, successful spread and future behaviour of O. novo-ulmi.La expansión de Ophiostoma novo-ulmi en Europa, Norteamérica y Asia central provocó la actual pandemia de grafiosis, altamente destructiva, y reemplazó a O. ulmi, responsable de la primera pandemia de grafiosis a principios del siglo XX. Este proceso ha provocado una serie de destacables desarrollos evolutivos y adaptativos. Los estudios realizados en la década de 1980 en poblaciones de O. novo-ulmi, especialmente en España y Portugal, mostraron lo siguiente: 1) que inicialmente O. novo-ulmi se expandió a través de Europa como una serie de clones genéticos; 2) que virus deletéreos de RNA se trsmitieron dentro de los clones de O. novo-ulmi; 3) que híbridos naturales entre las subespecies americana y novo-ulmi de O. novo-ulmi aparecieron en muchas zonas de Europa; 4) que en toda Europa está surgiendo un gran número de híbridos naturales entre las subespecies americana y novo-ulmi de O. novo-ulmi. Los factores conducentes a estos cambios han sido examinados mediante análisis molecular. Los resultados son: 1) que el rápido paso desde una situación de clonalidad a otra con gran variabilidad genética supuso la aparición de formas «utiles» para el apareamiento, formas con compatibilidad vegetativa, y otros genes de O. novo-ulmi por transferencia lateral (o interespecífica) a partir de O. ulmi; mientras que se descartó la presencia de genes «inútiles» de O. ulmi; 2) que los virus ARN presentes en las poblaciones de O. novo-ulmi se originaron probablemente a partir de O. ulmi; y 3) que en los lugares donde O. novo-ulmi subsp. americana y subsp. novo-ulmi coexisten, los híbridos naturales se generan libremente; en algunas áreas la mayor parte de los O. novo-ulmi aislados son en realidad complejos híbridos subsp. americana x subsp. novo-ulmi. Estas características son únicas, y tiene considerable implicaciones para la historia invasora, la exitosa dispersión y el futuro comportamiento de O. novo-ulmi

Can Life develop in the expanded habitable zones around Red Giant Stars?

We present some new ideas about the possibility of life developing around sub-giant and red giant stars. Our study concerns the temporal evolution of the habitable zone. The distance between the star and the habitable zone, as well as its width, increases with time as a consequence of stellar evolution. The habitable zone moves outward after the star leaves the main sequence, sweeping a wider range of distances from the star until the star reaches the tip of the asymptotic giant branch. If life could form and evolve over time intervals from $5 \times 10^8$ to $10^9$ years, then there could be habitable planets with life around red giant stars. For a 1 M$_{\odot}$ star at the first stages of its post main-sequence evolution, the temporal transit of the habitable zone is estimated to be of several 10$^9$ years at 2 AU and around 10$^8$ years at 9 AU. Under these circumstances life could develop at distances in the range 2-9 AU in the environment of sub-giant or giant stars and in the far distant future in the environment of our own Solar System. After a star completes its first ascent along the Red Giant Branch and the He flash takes place, there is an additional stable period of quiescent He core burning during which there is another opportunity for life to develop. For a 1 M$_{\odot}$ star there is an additional $10^9$ years with a stable habitable zone in the region from 7 to 22 AU. Space astronomy missions, such as proposed for the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) and Darwin should also consider the environments of sub-giants and red giant stars as potentially interesting sites for understanding the development of life

A survey in natural forest ecosystems of Vietnam reveals high diversity of both new and described Phytophthora taxa including P. ramorum

In 2016 and 2017, surveys of Phytophthora diversity were performed in 25 natural and semi-natural forest stands and 16 rivers in temperate and subtropical montane and tropical lowland regions of Vietnam. Using baiting assays from soil samples and rivers and direct isolations from naturally fallen leaves, 13 described species, five informally designated taxa and 21 previously unknown taxa of Phytophthora were isolated from 58 of the 91 soil samples (63.7%) taken from the rhizosphere of 52 of the 64 woody plant species sampled (81.3%) in 20 forest stands (83.7%), and from all rivers: P. capensis, P. citricola VII, VIII, IX, X and XI, P. sp. botryosa-like 2, P. sp. meadii-like 1 and 2, P. sp. tropicalis-like 2 and P. sp. multivesiculata-like 1 from Phytophthora major phylogenetic Clade 2; P. castaneae and P. heveae from Clade 5; P. chlamydospora, P. gregata, P. sp. bitahaiensis-like and P. sp. sylvatica-like 1, 2 and 3 from Clade 6; P. cinnamomi (Pc), P. parvispora, P. attenuata, P. sp. attenuata-like 1, 2 and 3 and P. ×heterohybrida from Clade 7; P. drechsleri, P. pseudocryptogea, P. ramorum (Pr) and P. sp. kelmania from Clade 8, P. macrochlamydospora, P. sp. ×insolita-like, P. sp. ×kunnunara-like, P. sp. ×virginiana-like s.l. and three new taxa, P. sp. quininea-like, P. sp. ×Grenada 3-like and P. sp. ×Peru 4-like, from Clade 9; and P. sp. gallica-like 1 and 2 from Clade 10. The A1 and A2 mating types of both Pc and Pr co-occurred. The A2 mating type of Pc was associated with severe dieback of montane forests in northern Vietnam. Most other Phytophthora species, including Pr, were not associated with obvious disease symptoms. It is concluded that (1) Vietnam is within the center of origin of most Phytophthora taxa found including Pc and Pr, and (2) Phytophthora clades 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 are native to Indochina.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Third-Party Effects in Stakeholder Interviews

This paper examines the effect of having a third-party scientific expert present in stakeholder interviews. The study was conducted as part of a larger project on stakeholder engagement for natural resource management in the Verde Valley region of Arizona. We employed an experimental design, conducting stakeholder interviews both with and without an identified scientific expert present. Our sample consisted of 12 pairs of interviewees (24 total participants) who we matched based on their occupation, sex, and spatial proximity. For each pair, the scientific expert was present as a third party in one interview and absent in the other. We used a word-based coding strategy to code all interview responses for three known areas of sensitivity among the study population (risk, gatekeeping, and competence). We then performed both quantitative and qualitative analyses to compare responses across the two interview groups. We found that the presence of a scientific expert did not have a statistically significant effect on the mention of sensitive topics among stakeholders. However, our qualitative results show that the presence of a scientific expert had subtle influences on the ways that stakeholders discussed sensitive topics, particularly in placing emphasis on their own credibility and knowledge. Our findings indicate that researchers may be able to pursue collaborative, interdisciplinary research designs with multiple researchers present during interviews without concerns of strongly influencing data elicitation on sensitive topics. However, researchers should be cognizant of the subtle ways in which the presence of a third-party expert may influence the credibility claims and knowledge assertions made by respondents when a third-party expert is present during stakeholder interviews

Human Computation and Convergence

Humans are the most effective integrators and producers of information, directly and through the use of information-processing inventions. As these inventions become increasingly sophisticated, the substantive role of humans in processing information will tend toward capabilities that derive from our most complex cognitive processes, e.g., abstraction, creativity, and applied world knowledge. Through the advancement of human computation - methods that leverage the respective strengths of humans and machines in distributed information-processing systems - formerly discrete processes will combine synergistically into increasingly integrated and complex information processing systems. These new, collective systems will exhibit an unprecedented degree of predictive accuracy in modeling physical and techno-social processes, and may ultimately coalesce into a single unified predictive organism, with the capacity to address societies most wicked problems and achieve planetary homeostasis.Comment: Pre-publication draft of chapter. 24 pages, 3 figures; added references to page 1 and 3, and corrected typ

Advantages of doubly polished thin sections for the study of microfossils in volcanic rock

Doubly polished thin sections, originally prepared for fluid inclusion studies, present great advantages in the study of microfossils in volcanic rocks. Better visibility and light conditions, variation in thickness of the thin sections and the possibility to combine fluid inclusion studies with microfossil studies lead to a wide range of advantages over ordinary thin sections. This includes the study of morphology, internal microstructures, colonies, association with the substrate that microfossils are attached to and geological and environmental context in which the microfossil once lived. When meeting the criteria of microfossil recognition the advantages of doubly polished thin sections are substantial and can be crucial in distinguishing between biogenic microfossils and abiotically formed abiomorphs

Response of Quercus ilex seedlings to Phytophthora spp. root infection in a soil infestation test

[EN] Phytophthora species are the main agents associated with oak (Quercus spp.) decline, together with the changing environmental conditions and the intensive land use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Quercus ilex to the inoculation with eight Phytophthora species. Seven to eight month old Q. ilex seedlings grown from acorns, obtained from two Spanish origins, were inoculated with P. cinnamomi, P. cryptogea, P. gonapodyides, P. megasperma, P. nicotianae, P. plurivora, P. psychrophila and P. quercina. All Phytophthora inoculated seedlings showed decline and symptoms including small dark necrotic root lesions, root cankers, and loss of fine roots and tap root. The most aggressive species were P. cinnamomi, P. cryptogea, P. gonapodyides, P. plurivora and P. psychrophila followed by P. megasperma., while Phytophthora quercina and P. nicotianae were the less aggressive species. Results obtained confirm that these Phytophthora species could constituted a threat to Q. ilex ecosystems and the implications are further discussed.The authors are grateful to A. Solla and his team from the Centro Universitario de Plasencia-Universidad de Extremadura (Spain) for helping in the acorns collection and to the CIEF (Centro para la Investigación y Experimentación Forestal, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain) for providing the acorns. This research was supported by funding from the project AGL2011- 30438-C02-01 (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain).Mora-Sala, B.; Abad Campos, P.; Berbegal Martinez, M. (2018). Response of Quercus ilex seedlings to Phytophthora spp. root infection in a soil infestation test. European Journal of Plant Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-01650-6SÁlvarez, L. A., Pérez-Sierra, A., Armengol, J., & García-Jiménez, J. (2007). 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Mitotic Recombination and Rapid Genome Evolution in the Invasive Forest Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum

Invasive alien species often have reduced genetic diversity and must adapt to new environments. Given the success of many invasions, this is sometimes called the genetic paradox of invasion. Phytophthora ramorum is invasive, limited to asexual reproduction within four lineages, and presumed clonal. It is responsible for sudden oak death in the United States, sudden larch death in Europe, and ramorum blight in North America and Europe. We sequenced the genomes of 107 isolates to determine how this pathogen can overcome the invasion paradox. Mitotic recombination (MR) associated with transposons and low gene density has generated runs of homozygosity (ROH) affecting 2,698 genes, resulting in novel genotypic diversity within the lineages. One ROH enriched in effectors was fixed in the NA1 lineage. An independent ROH affected the same scaffold in the EU1 lineage, suggesting an MR hot spot and a selection target. Differences in host infection between EU1 isolates with and without the ROH suggest that they may differ in aggressiveness. Non-core regions (not shared by all lineages) had signatures of accelerated evolution and were enriched in putative pathogenicity genes and transposons. There was a striking pattern of gene loss, including all effectors, in the non-core EU2 genome. Positive selection was observed in 8.0% of RxLR and 18.8% of Crinkler effector genes compared with 0.9% of the core eukaryotic gene set. We conclude that the P. ramorum lineages are diverging via a rapidly evolving non-core genome and that the invasive asexual lineages are not clonal, but display genotypic diversity caused by MR

Energy storage technology-environmental implications of large scale utilization

Environmental impacts for several energy storage technologies have been identified. State-of-the-art control technology options were similarly identified. Recommendations for research and development on new control technology were made where present controls were either deemed inadequate or non-existent. Specifically, the energy storage technologies under study included: advanced lead-acid battery, compressed air, underground pumped hydroelectric, flywheel, superconducting magnet and various thermal systems (sensible, latent heat and reversible chemical reaction). In addition, a preliminary study was conducted on fuel cell technology. Although not strictly classified as an energy storage system, fuel cells in conjunction with product recycling units can serve an energy storage function. A very large number of potential environmental impacts can be identified for all of these technologies. However, not all are of primary importance. Detailed discussions of a number of environmental impacts from the latest LASL study as they relate to primarily operational situations are emphasized. In addition, a brief discussion on new application for energy storage technologies and the additional costs of controls to be used for mitigation of specific impacts are also presented