Effect of dilution method on diesel exhaust particulate matter concentrations and size distributions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different dilution methodologies on diesel exhaust particle size distributions and concentrations. A two-stage ejector based dilution system was used to dilute the raw exhaust at total dilution ratios of 240 and 504. A naturally aspirated, mechanically controlled, 3-cylinder inline, 0.953 liter Daihatsu Model DM950DTH engine was employed and tests were conducted with and without a wire mesh Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC). Federal Diesel #2 with a sulfur content of 350 ppm was used as the testing fuel. The first dilution method (hot dilution) comprised of hot air dilution in stage 1 and cold air dilution in stage 2. The second method (cold dilution) comprised of cold air dilution in both the stages. A Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), Model 3936 was used for measuring the particle size distributions and concentrations. The engine was operated at four steady state set points, which were selected for a mix of both the volatile and solid particulate matter (PM) fractions in the exhaust stream. At a dilution ratio of 240, the influence of the volatile fraction on the PM size distribution and concentration was comparatively lower in the hot dilution method than the cold dilution method. The cold dilution method resulted in a count median diameter (CMD) of 44.5nm compared to 53.3nm with the hot dilution method when the engine was operating at an intermediate speed and 50% load. A similar trend was observed for the remaining engine set points. The effect of dilution method on PM size distribution and concentrations was not noticeable for a dilution ratio of 504, which indicated that very high dilution ratios have minimal impact. PM concentrations downstream of the DOC showed a reduction in the concentration of nuclei and accumulation mode particles for both the dilution methods. This is possibly indicating the oxidation of PM in the oxidation catalyst

Coarse-graining the dynamics of network evolution: the rise and fall of a networked society

We explore a systematic approach to studying the dynamics of evolving networks at a coarse-grained, system level. We emphasize the importance of finding good observables (network properties) in terms of which coarse grained models can be developed. We illustrate our approach through a particular social network model: the "rise and fall" of a networked society [1]: we implement our low-dimensional description computationally using the equation-free approach and show how it can be used to (a) accelerate simulations and (b) extract system-level stability/bifurcation information from the detailed dynamic model. We discuss other system-level tasks that can be enabled through such a computer-assisted coarse graining approach.Comment: 18 pages, 11 figure

Heroism and Social reflection in the Screen Plays of Ramarajan

Screen plays are always dominant in the history of Tamil cinema. Commercially many movies faced failures and some songs of those movies became very successful. Screen play songs are usually formed according to each story and screenplays. Some songs captures the mind of people and it remains in their mind throughout their life. Not just the songs or music gets popular, the actors who acted in the songs also sometimes became very popular and attains high status. and for this, apart from the acting, the song's grand scenery and the social environment depicted in the story play a major role. Thus, in the 1980s in the Tamil film industry, actor Ramarajan earned the title of 'People's Hero'/'Village Hero' and star status through village background stories and screen play songs. Most of Ramarajan's stories are set in rural settings, and the characters of those films are folk singers and actors. In such films, the cultural rituals of the villages, other rituals, dialects, worship methods, natural environment, etc. are clearly visualized in the lyrics of the songs. Therefore, Tamil people also enjoyed and celebrated it easily. It is a fact that the success of a movie depends on people's support. This article briefly examines the social reflection and heroism of Ramarajan’s stories

The work and creativity of literate prison inmates

Creativity is not a planned emergence. As it happens, when a person who convicted a crime in the eyes of the society, or by chance, the crime and its consequences isolate him in prison, his feelings of guilt make him to do some kind of artistic work. People like Mr.Puthuraja, Mr. Pozhilan, Dr. Prakash, Mr. Chidambaram and Mr. Puzhilan, who were convicted in Chennai Puzhal Central Jail have written novels, short stories (collections), empirical essays and collections of poems written. All their works are taken up in this article. and its literary style, language style, the work of storytellers and the writing style of these prison inmates are examined well in this article. This article proves that the works of these prison inmates have some unique features

A case study of organic protected cultivation at Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu, India

Agripreneur is defined as an “entrepreneur whose main business is agriculture or agriculture-related”. The case study was conducted in the Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu. A discussion was made with the engineer cum Organic farming who was successful in organic farming for five years. He was practicing vertical gardening, terrace garden, aquaponics, hydroponics and aquaculture in an organic manner under protected cultivation in his farm at Tirunelveli. The need for research was to identify the extraordinary and unique farmer who was leading success in the field of organic farming. The objective of this case study was to bring out and narrate the facts which had been adopted to run the successful model for modern agriculture. The case study approach was made by preparing a semi-structured interview schedule, followed by the field visit, for collecting the data about the profile, skills, work experience, knowledge of the Agripreneur in agriculture and its allied sectors were identified and noted down. Thus, the study had been given a solution to efficiently utilize space and water by means of adopting terrace garden, hydroponics and aquaponics. The focus of the study was to highlight the effectiveness, adaptability and cost for other small farmers

Differential sandwich theorems for certain subclasses of analytic functions

In this paper, we generalize the well known differential operator by using a generalized hypergeometric function. By applying this operator, we introduce a new class of non-Bazilević functions and derive subordination and superordination results for the class in the unit disk. Relevant connections of the results presented in this paper are also pointed out with various other known results

Effectiveness of skill teaching methods for cut flower growers an experimental study

Training plays a major role in capacity building and enhancing the skills of farmers in their quest towards enhancing the agricultural production and productivity. Investment in Human Resource Development in the form of imparting adequate training of farmers, especially in the priority sectors such as floriculture, would help the farmers in upgrading their skills in the process of adopting ther improved technologies and thus preparing them to become effective players in the Global trade

Analysis of the Types and Pattern of uses and Control Rights over Multiple uses of Tank Irrigation System in South India

The study examines the property rights related to conservation and sustainable management of tank irrigation systems in South India. Tanks are a symbol of social and cultural entity closely woven in to the livelihood of the common man as it serves a multitude of functions such as irrigation, livestock, fisheries, duck rearing and domestic water supply as well. A study of the types, pattern of uses and control rights over Tank irrigation system is important for the sustainable management and conservation of tank irrigation systems. The research was carried out during 2007-09 by selecting one system tank and 31 non-system tanks drawn from eight tank-chains present in two tank intensive districts (Villupuram and Kancheepuram) of Tamil Nadu state, India. Case study was conducted in the system tank to collect data using Participatory Rural Appraisal PRA method. From each of the 31 non-system tanks, a random sample of key informants ranging 12 to 15 users (totalling 400) who depended on various tank resources was drawn from the 31 non-system tanks for data collection through PRA. The results on the performance of tanks in the light of its multiple uses (or physical resource use efficiency) indicated that agricultural use dominated in terms of its use share performance in absolute terms. Uses such as domestic, Live Stock Drinking (LSD) and fishery performed better next to agriculture. The intensity of property rights in terms of access, withdrawal, management, exclusion and alienation, for the five uses of tank namely irrigation, social forestry, silt, fishing and bund trees were found to be exercised by various groups of users at lower level in most of the tanks. The uses namely domestic, duck rearing, hard grass collection, LSD and brick making were found to be enjoyed by the users at higher level of intensity of PR by the respective user group. The intensity of property rights seems to be high for those uses with less number of users than for the uses like agriculture, fishery, Social Forestry, silt and bund trees wherein there were too many users with competition among them to enjoy the benefits of the resource. Hence existence of a strong users’ institution would facilitate the users to enjoy the property rights over the tank resources at a higher level in an appropriate manner