La siringomielia como factor de riesgo en la cirugía vertebral: Utilidad de los potenciales evocados intraoperatorios en un caso

Toda intervención quirúrgica sobra la columna vertebral conlleva un riesgo de lesión medular. Éste se multiplica cuando existe una patología medular de base. En los últimos años, gracias a la aparición de la monitorización neurofisiológica intraoperatoria, las complicaciones neurológicas intraoperatorias han disminuido. En el siguiente artículo, exponemos un caso de escoliosis secundaria a sirigomielia, en el que gracias al uso de potenciales evocados durante la cirugía, se han podido evitar lesiones neurológica irreversibles.Surgical correction of spinal deformities entails a risk of medullary dramage, and this can be higher when medullar pathology is associated. In last years, intraoperative neurological complications have decreased thanks to the intraoperative monitoring of neurophysiological parameters. In this work, we review a patient with scoliosis secondary to syringomyelia. The use of somatosensory evoked potentials during surgery allowed avoiding irreversible neurological complications

Dynamic Grouping of Hippocampal Neural Activity During Cognitive Control of Two Spatial Frames

Hippocampal neurons represent two concurrent streams of spatial information by transiently organizing into subpopulations of coactive neurons and can reflect the most behaviorally relevant information at any given time

MnemoCity Task: Assessment of Childrens Spatial Memory Using Stereoscopy and Virtual Environments

[EN] This paper presents the MnemoCity task, which is a 3D application that introduces the user into a totally 3D virtual environment to evaluate spatial short-term memory. A study has been carried out to validate the MnemoCity task for the assessment of spatial short-term memory in children, by comparing the children s performance in the developed task with current approaches. A total of 160 children participated in the study. The task incorporates two types of interaction: one based on standard interaction and another one based on natural interaction involving physical movement by the user. There were no statistically significant differences in the results of the task using the two types of interaction. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were not found in relation to gender. The correlations between scores were obtained using the MnemoCity task and a traditional procedure for assessing spatial short-term memory. Those results revealed that the type of interaction used did not affect the performance of children in the MnemoCity task.This work was funded mainly by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through the CHILDMNEMOS project (TIN2012-37381-C02-01) and confinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). Other financial support was received from the Gobierno de Aragon (Departamento de Industria e Innovacion), and Fondo Social Europeo for Aragon.Rodríguez-Andrés, D.; Juan, M.; Mendez Lopez, M.; Pérez Hernández, E.; Lluch Crespo, J. (2016). MnemoCity Task: Assessment of Childrens Spatial Memory Using Stereoscopy and Virtual Environments. PLoS ONE. 11(8):1-28. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161858S12811

Sex differences in spatial memory: Comparison of three tasks using the same virtual context

Spatial memory has been studied through different instruments and tools with different modalities of administration. The cognitive load varies depending on the measure used and it should be taken into account to correctly interpret results. The aim of this research was to analyze how men and women perform three different spatial memory tasks with the same spatial context but with different cognitive demands. A total of 287 undergraduate students from the University of Almeria (Spain) and the University of L’Aquila (Italy) participated in the study. They were divided into three groups balanced by sex according to the spatial memory test they performed: the Walking Space Boxes Room Task (WSBRT), the Almeria Spatial Memory Recognition Test (ASMRT) and the Non-Walking Space Boxes Room Task (NWSBRT). Time spent and number of errors/correct answers were registered for analysis. In relation to the WSBRT and the ASMRT, men were faster and reached the optimal level of performance before women. In the three tests, familiarity with the spatial context helped to reduce the number of errors, regardless of the level of difficulty. In conclusion, sex differences were determined by the familiarity with the spatial context, the difficulty level of the task, the active or passive role of the participant and the amount of visual information provided in each screen shot

Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions of the Unsaturated Hydroxycarbyne Complex [W2Cp2(μ-COH)(μ-PPh2)2]BF4

The hydroxycarbyne complex salt [W2Cp2(μ- COH)(μ-PPh2)2]BF4 (1) reacted rapidly with water in the presence of the oxidant [FeCp2]BF4 to give the hydroxo complex salt [W2Cp2(OH)(μ-PPh2)2(CO)]BF4, a preparation that could be replicated using the neutral carbonyl complex [W2Cp2(μ-PPh2)2(μ-CO)] (2) instead. A similar reaction took place slowly with HSPh and rapidly in the presence of [FeCp2]BF4, to yield the known 32-electron complex salt [W2Cp2(SPh)(μ-PPh2)2(CO)]BF4. In contrast, 1 did not react with PhOH or H2Np-tol even in the presence of [FeCp2]BF4. However, a fast reaction between these molecules and 2 took place in the presence of [FeCp2]BF4, to give the phenolato complex salt [W2Cp2(OPh)(μ-PPh2)2(CO)]BF4 and the imido-hydride [W2Cp2(μ-H)(Np-tol)(μ-PPh2)2(CO)]BF4 (W−W = 2.9135(8) Å), respectively, after formal elimination of hydrogen. The hydroxycarbyne complex 1 reacted rapidly with PH2Cy to give the hydride derivative [W2Cp2(H)(μ-PPh2)2(CO)(PH2Cy)]BF4, this requiring H-migration from O to W atoms. The M−H bonds in the latter hydride cations were deprotonated by strong bases to give the corresponding neutral complexes [W2Cp2(Nptol)( μ-PPh2)2(CO)] and [W2Cp2(μ-PPh2)2(CO)(PH2Cy)]. Compound 1 also reacted easily with two-electron donors such as NCMe, CNtBu, and CNp-tol, to give products derived from the addition of two molecules of reagent in each case, and some rearrangement of the COH ligand. The first reaction gave the new cationic complex [W2Cp2(μ-PPh2)2(μ-N:N,N′- N2HC2Me2)(CO)]BF4, derived from the C−C coupling of two nitrile molecules accompanied by an O to N shift of the hydroxycarbyne proton. In contrast, no C−C coupling processes were observed in the reactions with isocyanides, although proton migration occurred in all cases, either to the metal (reaction with CNtBu), to give the hydride [W2Cp2(H)(μ-PPh2)2(μ- CNtBu)(CNtBu)]BF4, or to the N atom of one of the incoming isocyanides (reaction with CNp-tol), to give the aminocarbyne derivative [W2Cp2{μ-CN(H)p-tol}(μ-PPh2)2(CNp-tol)(CO)]BF4

Caracterización estructural de las explotaciones de ganado bovino de raza pasiega

The Pasiega cattle breed has been recently listed as endangered by the MARM (i.e. Spanish Ministry of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries). The main objective of this study was to identify the potential difficulties in developing the Pasiega conservation strategy. To get information of the structure of the Pasiega farms, we performed co to the cattle raisers. The results showed that 86.7% were family farms. Forty-seven percent of farmers surveyed derived all their income from farming and 93.3% indicated that they earned the majority (i.e. 50% or more) of their income from agriculture. Seventy-three percent of farmers surveyed were older than 50 years, with 33.3% having a farm successor. Forty-two percent of farmers had got Pasiega cattle for more than 50 years and 26.7% were members of a health defence association. The population of Pasiega cattle is scarce accounting for 359 animals (i.e. mean= 5.6 head per farmer). Eighty-seven percent of farmers had other breeds and other species. The average size of farms was 40,5 ha, being slightly higher in San Pedro del Romeral (i.e. 54.3 ha/farm). Fifteen percent of the surface belonged to farmers with 37.8% being public grassland, this percentage was slightly higher in San Pedro Romeral (i.e. 57.4%). Our results showed that the Pasiega is a rustic breed which has been traditionally managed for decades. These cattle are able to range in very steep and rough terrain to forage the natural resources of the place. Usually the Pasiega farmers earn their income by selling the animals and no by dairy production. Feeding depends on grazing in summer and hay provisioning in winter, combining both systems in spring and autumn. The Pasiega cattle graze in large areas, with stone huts distributed in a lot of plots, and many of them are communal mountain grass.La Pasiega ha sido recientemente reconocida como raza bovina en peligro de extinción por el MARM. El objetivo del trabajo fue la identificación de posibles dificultades para el desarrollo de estrategias de conservación mediante encuestas que permitieran conocer la estructura de las ex- plotaciones. Las encuestas realizadas mostraron que el 86,7% son empresas familiares, 46,7% vive únicamente de los ingresos de la explotación, 93,3% agricultores a título principal, 73,3% mayor de 50 años, 33,3% tiene sucesor, el 42,22% explota la raza hace más de 50 años, y el 26,7% está integrado en Asociación de Defensa Sanita- ria. El censo actual de la Pasiega es bajo, 359 animales, 5,6 animales/ganadero, y el 86,7% ex- plota otras razas y especies animales. Extensión 40,5 ha/explotación, San Pedro del Romeral 54,3 ha/explotación. Terreno en propiedad 14,55%, co- munal el 37,8%, en San Pedro Romeral el 57,4%. Se trata de una raza rústica explotada de forma tradicional desde hace décadas, en zonas de difícil orografía, con acusada pendiente, aprove- chando los recursos naturales, por empresas familiares cuyo único ingreso es habitualmente el generado en la explotación, por venta de animales y no por producción láctea. Se alimentan en verano con pasto y en invierno con heno funda- mentalmente, combinándolos en primavera y oto- ño. Localizada en grandes extensiones, reparti- das en un elevado número de parcelas, siendo en escasas ocasiones propiedad del ganadero y constituidas en gran parte por pastos comunales, y alojadas en cabañas de piedra de escasas dimensiones