Évaluation de l'écocompatibilité de déchets mis en dépôts ou valorisés en travaux publics : une méthode pluridisciplinaire pour une approche " en scénario"

Fondée sur le concept de l'écocompatibilité des déchets et élaborée à l'issue d'un programme de recherche de 5 ans, la méthode présentée nécessite une étroite collaboration entre chercheurs ou experts provenant de disciplines variées (physico-chimie, hydrogéologie, géotechnique, biologie, microbiologie,...) et travaillant sur divers milieux (déchets, sol de surface, sous-sol et eau). Elle comprend une procédure d'évaluation stricto sensu, suivie d'une procédure de décision au cours de laquelle on se prononce sur l'écocompatibilité (ou non) des scénarios de stockage ou de valorisation des déchets étudiés (ex : valorisation en technique routière). L'évaluation est effectuée selon une approche dite " en scénario ", inspirée de la norme expérimentale européenne ENV 12 920 " Caractérisation des déchets - Méthodologie pour la détermination du comportement à la lixiviation d'un déchet dans des conditions spécifiées ". Elle repose sur l'étude successive des flux de polluants émis par le dépôt ou l'ouvrage contenant les déchets (terme source), du transport de ces flux vers les milieux récepteurs (terme transport) et de l'impact des flux de polluants atteignant les milieux récepteurs (terme impact). Elle comprend une étape préalable d'analyse visant à décrire finement chacun de ces trois termes fondamentaux (source, transport et impact), de manière à identifier et à hiérarchiser les différents paramètres ayant une influence déterminante sur leur comportement. Cette analyse, qui correspond à la description du déchet et du scénario de stockage ou de valorisation des déchets, permet ensuite d'effectuer une sélection pertinente des essais à mettre en œuvre pour procéder à l'évaluation de chacun des trois termes et donc de l'écocompatibilité du scénario étudié. Les grands principes de la méthode et les principaux résultats obtenus lors du programme relatif à sa mise au point ayant fait l'objet de précédentes publications, le présent document porte sur le caractère fondamentalement pluridisciplinaire de l'application de cette méthode.The disposal and reuse of waste (e.g., reuse of waste material for civil engineering or construction) are subjected to regulations that are mainly based on the best available technologies. They usually do not directly take into account the impact on human health and on the environment due to a lack of technical data in this field. Recent emphasis on the need to evaluate this impact has resulted in the necessity for new evaluation tools.The ADEME (the French Agency for Environment and Energy Management) launched a research programme in 1995 called "Waste Ecocompatibility" to define a reliable methodology for measuring the impact of waste storage or reuse scenarios. This method could be used as a decision tool for environmental policy makers. It can also be used to determine what the acceptable levels of waste dumping or waste-based civil works are, while still being ecocompatible. The approach to set up this methodology is based on the concept of ecocompatibility. This is now defined as the situation where the pollutant flux from waste, either disposed of or reused, under specified conditions (physical, hydrogeological, chemical and biological conditions), is compatible with the environmental acceptance of the concerned receptor mediums. This definition integrates the evaluation of the pollutants emitted from the waste, the transport of these pollutants from the waste to the receptor media and their impact on the target receptor media.An introduction to the research program was proposed by Mayeux and Perrodin (1996) and Gobbey and Perrodin (1999) in previous papers. The experimental sections were taken from Barna et al. (2000a), Barna et al. (2000b) and Ferrari (2000) concerning the emission pollutant term and the assessment of waste ecotoxicological properties. Experimentation dealing with the environmental impact on the soil and aquatic media was developed by Canivet (2001) and Poly (2000). This program led to an operational methodology introduced by the ADEME (2000). The general steps in conducting the ecocompatibility assessment of waste disposal or reuse scenarios are: 1) the preliminary description of the studied scenario; 2) the implementation of tests and measurements; and 3) the assessment of the global waste scenario ecocompatibility.Ecocompatibility assessment is a multidisciplinary approach requiring researchers in biology, ecotoxicology, ecology, chemistry, hydrogeology, geology, etc. Some of them are specialists in the study of waste characterisation and waste leaching behaviour, especially with respect to investigations on long-term predictions. Researchers in charge of the impact term are skilled in the environmental impact assessment of complex effluents on soil, plants, micro-organisms, soil fauna and benthic invertebrates. In this paper, we stress the critical role of the scientific manager in the multidisciplinary work of an ecocompatibility assessment. The scientific manager must make the general problems understandable for each researcher involved. It is necessary to translate the general question into a series of specific questions related to each term of the methodology. To take advantage of a multidisciplinary study it is necessary to encourage and facilitate communication and discussion. If this is not efficient, each team will focus on its specific objective without taken into account data from the other teams. A lack of effective interactions between the involved researchers and the scientific manager will lead to a series of individual studies that are not of interest with regards to the general question. Similarly, it is essential that the various results lead to a joint discussion to draw a common conclusion

Multiscale approach of mechanical behaviour of SiC/SiC composites: Elastic behaviour at the scale of the tow

SiC/SiC composites are candidates for structural applications at elevated temperatures in the context of the development of the 4th generation of nuclear reactors. A multiscale approach is under development to construct a predictive modelling of their complex mechanical behaviour due to their heterogeneous microstructure. This approach is based on two scale transitions: from the fibres/matrix microstructure to the tow and from the tow to the woven composite, each scale presenting a significant residual porosity. This paper focuses on the first scale transition and on the modelling of the elastic behaviour of the tow at room temperature. A microstructural investigation of several tows in a 2D SiC/SiC specimen has been conducted using scanning electron microscopy to get statistical data on microstructural characteristics by image analysis in order to generate a virtual microstructure. The elastic problem of homogenisation is numerically solved by means of finite element techniques. The simulations performed on various volumes show noticeable fluctuations of the apparent behaviour: so separation of length scales is not satisfied in this material. Nevertheless, this problem is neglected in a first approximation and the homogeneous equivalent behaviour is evaluated by averaging the apparent behaviours of several volume elements – smaller than the Representative Volume Element (RVE) – called Statistical Volume Elements (SVEs). Finally, influence of porosity and pores’ morphology is quantified

In-situ X-ray microtomography characterization of damage in SiC/SiC minicomposites

International audienceThe purpose of the present study is to characterize matrix crack propagation and fiber breaking occurrences within SiC/SiC minicomposite in order to validate later on a multiscale damage model at the local scale. An in-situ X-ray microtomography tensile test was performed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF, ID19 beamline) in order to obtain 3-dimensional (3D) images at six successive loading levels. Results reveal a slow and discontinuous propagation of matrix cracks, even after the occurrence of matrix crack saturation. A few fiber failures were also observed. However, radiographs of the whole length (14 mm) of the minicomposites under a load and after the failure were more appropriate to get statistical data about fiber breaking. Thus, observations before the ultimate failure revealed only a few fibers breaking homogenously along the minicomposite. In addition, an increase in fiber breaking density in the vicinity of the fatal matrix crack was observed after failure. These experimental results are discussed in regards to assumptions used in usual 1-dimensional (1D) models for minicomposites

The lipoatrophic caveolin-1 deficient mouse model reveals autophagy in mature adipocytes

Adipose tissue lipoatrophy caused by caveolin gene deletion in mice is not linked to defective adipocyte differentiation. We show that adipose tissue development cannot be rescued by endothelial specific caveolin-1 re-expression, indicating primordial role of caveolin in mature adipocytes. Partial or total caveolin deficiency in adipocytes induced broad protein expression defects, including but not limited to previously described downregulation of insulin receptor. Global alterations in protein turnover, and accelerated degradation of long-lived proteins were found in caveolin-deficient adipocytes. Lipidation of endogenous LC3 autophagy marker and distribution of GFP-LC3 into aggregates demonstrated activated autophagy in the absence of caveolin-1 in adipocytes. Furthermore, electron microscopy revealed autophagic vacuoles in caveolin-1 deficient but not control adipocytes. Surprisingly, significant levels of lipidated LC3-II were found around lipid droplets of normal adipocytes, maintained in nutrient-rich conditions or isolated from fed mice, which do not display autophagy. Altogether, these data indicate that caveolin deficiency induce autophagy in adipocytes, a feature that is not a physiological response to fasting in normal fat cells. This likely resulted from defective insulin and lipolytic responses that converge in chronic nutrient shortage in adipocytes lacking caveolin-1. This is the first report of a pathological situation with autophagy as an adaptative response to adipocyte failure

Simulating Plasmon Resonances of Gold Nanoparticles with Bipyramidal Shapes by Boundary Element Methods

Computational modeling and accurate simulations of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption properties are reported for gold nanobipyramids (GNBs), a class of metal nanoparticle that features highly tunable, geometry-dependent optical properties. GNB bicone models with spherical tips performed best in reproducing experimental LSPR spectra while the comparison with other geometrical models provided a fundamental understanding of base shapes and tip effects on the optical properties of GNBs. Our results demonstrated the importance of averaging all geometrical parameters determined from transmission electron microscopy images to build representative models of GNBs. By assessing the performances of LSPR absorption spectra simulations based on a quasi-static approximation, we provided an applicability range of this approach as a function of the nanoparticle size, paving the way to the theoretical study of the coupling between molecular electron densities and metal nanoparticles in GNB-based nanohybrid systems, with potential applications in the design of nanomaterials for bioimaging, optics and photocatalysis

First Report of Root and Collar Rot Caused by Fusarium tricinctum and Fusarium avenaceum on Carrot in France

In 2017, carrot (Daucus carota L.) seed production represented around 22% of the area devoted to the production of vegetable fine seeds. Since 2015, symptoms of root and collar rot have been observed in carrot seed parcels located in the Central Region, one of the most important production zone in France. Diseased plants became dried prematurely, compromising seed development. Depending on the year and the climatic conditions, the disease in a same field can be considered as epidemic (rate losses between 30 to 100% of plants in 2016) or can impact plants more sporadically (less than 10% in 2017 and 2018). Sixteen diseased carrot samples (Nantaise type) were collected from five fields of seed production in the Central Region: two fields in 2016 and 2017, one field in 2018. Seven fungal isolates, obtained from lesions, were grown on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium and incubated for one week at 20°C in darkness. From the colony top, fluffy mycelium pigmented in pink, red, purple or orange was observed, with a red color at the reverse. To induce sporulation, isolates were grown on Synthetischer Nährstoffarmer Agar (SNA) medium during three weeks at 24°C in near-UV radiations under a 12h-photoperiod. Four isolates (FT001, FT003, FT007, FT017) developed orange sporodochia with lunar or crescent-shaped macroconidia (40.3 ± 0.8 × 5.9 ± 0.1 µm; n=90) and lime or pear-shaped microconidia (10.7 ± 0.2 × 7.7 ± 0.2 µm; n=60), as described in Fusarium tricinctum (Leslie and Summerell 2006). Three isolates (FA001, FA002, FA006) developed orange sporodochia with sickle-shaped macroconidia (50.5 ± 1.1 × 5.0 ± 0.1 µm; n= 60), but no microconidia, as observed in Fusarium avenaceum (Leslie and Summerell 2006). To confirm the identification, DNA was extracted from the mycelium of the seven isolates and molecular markers (ATP citrate lyase, ACL1; RNA polymerase II, RPB2) were used for PCR amplification (Gräfenhan et al. 2011; O’Donnell et al. 2013). The ACL1 sequences from the seven field isolates (GenBank Accession numbers MK183788-MK183791; MK181528-MK181530) were 99-100% identical with the ACL1 sequence of a reference F. tricinctum isolate (query coverages 99-100%; E-values of 0.0) and a reference F. avenaceum isolate (query coverages 98-99%; E-values of 0.0) [respectively DAOM 235630 isolate, GenBank Acc. No. JX397813 and BBA64135 isolate, GenBank Acc. No. JX397768, Niessen et al. 2012]. Using RPB2, sequences from field isolates (GenBank Acc. No. MK183109-MK183115) were 98.5-99.9% identical with the RPB2 sequence of a reference F. tricinctum isolate (query coverages 96-100%; E-values of 0.0) and a reference F. avenaceum isolate (query coverages 95-100%; E-values of 0.0) [respectively MRC 1895 isolate, GenBank Acc. No. MH582113 and MRC 1413 isolate, GenBank Acc. No. MH582082, O’Donnell et al. 2018]. To confirm pathogenicity, FT001 and FA002 were inoculated on collars of 10-weeks old carrot plants in the greenhouse. Forty plants per isolate and 40 control plants were used. Ten microliters of a conidial suspension (105 conidia.mL-1) - or sterile water for the controls - were deposited at the collar, previously wounded using a scalpel blade. Necrotic lesions developed at 20 dpi (FT001) and at 30 dpi (FA002). Fusarium tricinctum and F. avenaceum were re-isolated from the lesions and identified by sequencing using ACL1 and RPB2 markers. No isolation of Fusarium was obtained from the controls. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. tricinctum and F. avenaceum in carrot in France

Biogenesis of Pro-senescent Microparticles by Endothelial Colony Forming Cells from Premature Neonates is driven by SIRT1-Dependent Epigenetic Regulation of MKK6.

Senescent cells may exert detrimental effect on microenvironment through the secretion of soluble factors and the release of extracellular vesicles, such as microparticles, key actors in ageing and cardiovascular diseases. We previously reported that sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) deficiency drives accelerated senescence and dysfunction of endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFC) in PT neonates. Because preterm birth (PT) increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases during neonatal period as well as at adulthood, we hypothesized that SIRT1 deficiency could control the biogenesis of microparticles as part of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) of PT-ECFC and investigated the related molecular mechanisms. Compared to control ECFC, PT-ECFC displayed a SASP associated with increased release of endothelial microparticles (EMP), mediating a paracrine induction of senescence in naïve endothelial cells. SIRT1 level inversely correlated with EMP release and drives PT-ECFC vesiculation. Global transcriptomic analysis revealed changes in stress response pathways, specifically the MAPK pathway. We delineate a new epigenetic mechanism by which SIRT1 deficiency regulates MKK6/p38 <sup>MAPK</sup> /Hsp27 pathway to promote EMP biogenesis in senescent ECFC. These findings deepen our understanding of the role of ECFC senescence in the disruption of endothelial homeostasis and provide potential new targets towards the control of cardiovascular risk in individuals born preterm

On the role of in-plane damage mechanisms on the macroscopic behavior of SiC/SiC composites from complementary 2D and 3D in-situ investigations

International audienceThe mechanical behavior of architectured SiC/SiC composites is driven by different damage mechanisms whose understanding is required for building micromechanics-based models able to reproduce and predict its complexity. The kinematics of the surface, precisely analyzed using DIC at the textile pattern scale, exhibit a fiber realignment unexplained by the cracks observed at the surface. The missing mechanism, tracked by tomography in-situ testing (SOLEIL synchrotron), appears to be in-plane microcracking which does not emerge at the free surface of the composite