71 research outputs found

    Sustained Gq-Protein Signaling Disrupts Striatal Circuits via JNK

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    International audienceThe dorsal striatum is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and plays a key role in the control of vital processes such as motor behavior, cognition, and motivation. The functionality of striatal neurons is tightly controlled by various metabotropic receptors. Whereas the G s /G i-protein-dependent tuning of striatal neurons is fairly well known, the precise impact and underlying mechanism of G q-protein-dependent signals remain poorly understood. Here, using different experimental approaches, especially designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug (DREADD) chemogenetic technology, we found that sustained activation of G q-protein signaling impairs the functionality of striatal neurons and we unveil the precise molecular mechanism underlying this process: a phospholipase C/Ca 2Ï© /proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2/cJun N-terminal kinase pathway. Moreover, engagement of this intracellular signaling route was functionally active in the mouse dorsal striatum in vivo, as proven by the disruption of neuronal integrity and behavioral tasks. To analyze this effect anatomically, we manipulated G q-protein-dependent signaling selectively in neurons belonging to the direct or indirect striatal pathway. Acute G q-protein activation in direct-pathway or indirect-pathway neurons produced an enhancement or a decrease, respectively , of activity-dependent parameters. In contrast, sustained G q-protein activation impaired the functionality of direct-pathway and indirect-pathway neurons and disrupted the behavioral performance and electroencephalography-related activity tasks controlled by either anatomical framework. Collectively, these findings define the molecular mechanism and functional relevance of G q-protein-driven signals in striatal circuits under normal and overactivated states

    Gene Expression Profiling of Two Distinct Neuronal Populations in the Rodent Spinal Cord

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    BACKGROUND: In the field of neuroscience microarray gene expression profiles on anatomically defined brain structures are being used increasingly to study both normal brain functions as well as pathological states. Fluorescent tracing techniques in brain tissue that identifies distinct neuronal populations can in combination with global gene expression profiling potentially increase the resolution and specificity of such studies to shed new light on neuronal functions at the cellular level. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We examine the microarray gene expression profiles of two distinct neuronal populations in the spinal cord of the neonatal rat, the principal motor neurons and specific interneurons involved in motor control. The gene expression profiles of the respective cell populations were obtained from amplified mRNA originating from 50-250 fluorescently identified and laser microdissected cells. In the data analysis we combine a new microarray normalization procedure with a conglomerate measure of significant differential gene expression. Using our methodology we find 32 genes to be more expressed in the interneurons compared to the motor neurons that all except one have not previously been associated with this neuronal population. As a validation of our method we find 17 genes to be more expressed in the motor neurons than in the interneurons and of these only one had not previously been described in this population. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We provide an optimized experimental protocol that allows isolation of gene transcripts from fluorescent retrogradely labeled cell populations in fresh tissue, which can be used to generate amplified aRNA for microarray hybridization from as few as 50 laser microdissected cells. Using this optimized experimental protocol in combination with our microarray analysis methodology we find 49 differentially expressed genes between the motor neurons and the interneurons that reflect the functional differences between these two cell populations in generating and transmitting the motor output in the rodent spinal cord

    Demographic, clinical and antibody characteristics of patients with digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: data from the DUO Registry

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    OBJECTIVES: The Digital Ulcers Outcome (DUO) Registry was designed to describe the clinical and antibody characteristics, disease course and outcomes of patients with digital ulcers associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: The DUO Registry is a European, prospective, multicentre, observational, registry of SSc patients with ongoing digital ulcer disease, irrespective of treatment regimen. Data collected included demographics, SSc duration, SSc subset, internal organ manifestations, autoantibodies, previous and ongoing interventions and complications related to digital ulcers. RESULTS: Up to 19 November 2010 a total of 2439 patients had enrolled into the registry. Most were classified as either limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc; 52.2%) or diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc; 36.9%). Digital ulcers developed earlier in patients with dcSSc compared with lcSSc. Almost all patients (95.7%) tested positive for antinuclear antibodies, 45.2% for anti-scleroderma-70 and 43.6% for anticentromere antibodies (ACA). The first digital ulcer in the anti-scleroderma-70-positive patient cohort occurred approximately 5 years earlier than the ACA-positive patient group. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides data from a large cohort of SSc patients with a history of digital ulcers. The early occurrence and high frequency of digital ulcer complications are especially seen in patients with dcSSc and/or anti-scleroderma-70 antibodies

    Impact de l’utilisation de l’algorithme DETECT au cours de la sclĂ©rodermie systĂ©mique : Ă©tude transversale sur 117 patients comparant les pratiques actuelles d’un centre de compĂ©tence français Ă  celles bientĂŽt recommandĂ©es par ce nouvel outil de dĂ©pistage

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    National audienceIntroduction L’hypertension artĂ©rielle pulmonaire prĂ©capillaire constitue l’une des premiĂšres causes de dĂ©cĂšs au cours de la sclĂ©rodermie systĂ©mique. Le pronostic dĂ©pend de la prĂ©cocitĂ© du diagnostic et de l’introduction rapide du traitement ciblĂ©. En 2013, l’algorithme DETECT a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ© en vue d’un dĂ©pistage plus prĂ©coce de l’hypertension artĂ©rielle pulmonaire. Le but de notre Ă©tude est d’évaluer l’impact de l’utilisation de l’algorithme DETECT en comparant les pratiques actuelles d’un centre de compĂ©tence français Ă  celles recommandĂ©es par ce nouvel outil de dĂ©pistage. Patients et mĂ©thodes Il s’agit d’une Ă©tude transversale monocentrique. Les patients sclĂ©rodermiques ayant bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© d’un bilan viscĂ©ral au cours de l’annĂ©e 2014–2015, contenant les donnĂ©es nĂ©cessaires au calcul du score DETECT, ont Ă©tĂ© inclus. ConformĂ©ment aux pratiques habituelles du service, l’ensemble des patients avait bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© d’une Ă©chographie cardiaque transthoracique et l’indication du cathĂ©tĂ©risme cardiaque droit Ă©tait posĂ©e au cours d’une rĂ©union de concertation pluridisciplinaire. En parallĂšle, l’algorithme DETECT Ă©tait calculĂ© avec une premiĂšre Ă©tape posant ou non l’indication thĂ©orique de l’échographie cardiaque transthoracique, puis une seconde dĂ©cidant de l’indication thĂ©orique d’un cathĂ©tĂ©risme droit. Les rĂ©sultats des deux Ă©tapes de l’algorithme Ă©taient inconnus des mĂ©decins participant Ă  la prise en charge des patients ou Ă  la rĂ©union de concertation pluridisciplinaire. À la fin de la pĂ©riode d’inclusion, les dĂ©cisions proposĂ©es par l’algorithme Ă©taient comparĂ©es Ă  celles issues de la rĂ©union de concertation pluridisciplinaire. RĂ©sultats Cent dix-sept patients ont Ă©tĂ© inclus dans l’étude. Quatre-vingt-onze pour cent (n = 106) rĂ©pondaient aux critĂšres ACR 2013. Si l’algorithme DETECT Ă©tait appliquĂ© Ă  l’ensemble de la population, l’indication de l’échographie cardiaque transthoracique Ă©tait retenue chez 80 % d’entre eux (n = 94). Parmi les 94 patients sĂ©lectionnĂ©s Ă  la premiĂšre Ă©tape, il Ă©tait retenu l’indication d’un cathĂ©tĂ©risme droit chez 70 d’entre eux, soit 60 % de la population initiale. Au cours du suivi annuel, l’indication du cathĂ©tĂ©risme droit avait Ă©tĂ© retenue par la rĂ©union de concertation pluridisciplinaire chez 15 des 117 patients. Le diagnostic d’hypertension artĂ©rielle pulmonaire avait Ă©tĂ© retenu chez 9 d’entre eux, dont 7 avec une hypertension artĂ©rielle pulmonaire prĂ©capillaire. Si l’algorithme DETECT n’était appliquĂ© qu’aux patients rĂ©pondant aux critĂšres initialement proposĂ©s pour la mise au point de l’algorithme (patients avec DLCO infĂ©rieure Ă  60 % de la valeur prĂ©dite, et symptĂŽmes – autres que phĂ©nomĂšne de Raynaud – Ă©voluant depuis plus de 3 ans), 42 patients Ă©taient alors Ă©ligibles (36 % de la population totale). Les Ă©preuves fonctionnelles respiratoires retrouvaient une DLCO moyenne Ă  46 % de la valeur prĂ©dite. L’indication de l’échographie cardiaque transthoracique Ă©tait retenue chez 36 patients (31 % de la population totale). Parmi les 36 patients sĂ©lectionnĂ©s Ă  la premiĂšre Ă©tape, l’algorithme retenait l’indication d’un cathĂ©tĂ©risme droit chez 31 d’entre eux (26 % de la population totale). Au cours du suivi annuel, l’indication avait Ă©tĂ© retenue par la rĂ©union de concertation pluridisciplinaire chez 13 des 42 patients. Le diagnostic d’hypertension artĂ©rielle pulmonaire avait Ă©tĂ© posĂ© chez 9 d’entre eux, dont 7 avec une hypertension artĂ©rielle pulmonaire prĂ©capillaire. Discussion L’application de l’algorithme DETECT Ă  la cohorte d’un centre de compĂ©tence français confirme son efficacitĂ© en termes de dĂ©pistage de l’hypertension artĂ©rielle pulmonaire dans la population suivie pour une sclĂ©rodermie systĂ©mique car elle permet de retenir la rĂ©alisation d’un cathĂ©tĂ©risme droit diagnostique chez tous les patients pour lesquels l’indication avait Ă©tĂ© portĂ©e en rĂ©union de concertation pluridisciplinaire. Ces rĂ©sultats sont confortĂ©s par ceux rĂ©cemment publiĂ©s par une Ă©quipe tchĂšque. D’aprĂšs nos rĂ©sultats, il semble que l’application de l’algorithme Ă  une population plus restreinte (selon les critĂšres de l’étude DETECT) fasse aussi bien que l’application de l’algorithme Ă  tous les patients sclĂ©rodermiques (indiffĂ©remment de la DLCO ou de l’anciennetĂ© des symptĂŽmes). Il reste maintenant Ă  dĂ©terminer quel suivi et quel dĂ©pistage proposer aux patients ayant une DLCO de plus de 60 %. Enfin, il restera Ă  dĂ©terminer si l’algorithme permettra un dĂ©pistage plus prĂ©coce de l’hypertension artĂ©rielle pulmonaire chez les patients sclĂ©rodermiques, et donc d’amĂ©liorer Ă  terme la survie. Conclusion Jusqu’en 2016, les patients suivis pour sclĂ©rodermie systĂ©mique bĂ©nĂ©ficiaient d’un dĂ©pistage de l’hypertension artĂ©rielle pulmonaire selon les recommandations internationales. L’application du nouvel algorithme DETECT aux patients sclĂ©rodermiques (avec une DLCO de plus de 60 % et les premiers symptĂŽmes autres que phĂ©nomĂšne de Raynaud de plus de 3 ans) permettrait de limiter le nombre d’ Ă©chographies cardiaques transthoraciques (moins 70 % environ) et augmenterait le nombre de cathĂ©tĂ©rismes cardiaques droits (par un facteur 3 environ). Il permettrait donc un dĂ©pistage au moins aussi efficace que celui rĂ©alisĂ© jusqu’à prĂ©sent, avec cependant un coĂ»t probablement plus Ă©levĂ© et un caractĂšre plus invasi

    DĂ©pistage de l’hypertension artĂ©rielle pulmonaire au cours de la sclĂ©rodermie systĂ©mique : comparaison de l’algorithme DETECT Ă  une discussion pluridisciplinaire en centre de compĂ©tence [Screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with systemic sclerosis: Comparison of DETECT algorithm to decisions of a multidisciplinary team, in a competence centre]

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    National audienceINTRODUCTION: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe complication of systemic sclerosis and detecting PAH efficiently remains challenging. The DETECT study has offered in 2013 a composite screening tool for PAH. The objective of our study was to compare the indication of right heart catheterisation (RHC) as suggested by the DETECT algorithm with the decisions of a multidisciplinary team. METHODS: This prospective monocentric non-interventional study consecutively included systemic sclerosis patients when data required to apply DETECT algorithm were available. We evaluate the number of RHC as requested by this algorithm and confronted it with the indications of RHC suggested by a multidisciplinary group blinded for the result of DETECT algorithm. RESULTS: In total, 117 systemic sclerosis patients were included. When DETECT algorithm was applied to all patients, RHC was suggested by this algorithm for 70 patients, whereas only 15 indications were required by the multidisciplinary group; among those patients only 7 had PAH. When DETECT algorithm was applied only to the 42 patients with DLCO<60% and disease duration of more than 3 years, RHC was suggested for 31 patients whereas only 13 were indicated by the multidisciplinary group; among those patients only 7 had PAH. CONCLUSION: The DETECT algorithm is able to efficiently detect all PAH patients finally diagnosed by our multidisciplinary team. However, it increases by 3 the number of RHC that should be performed
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