Career Success in Different Countries : Reflections on the 5C Project

fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Initial evidence that non-clinical autistic traits are associated with lower income

Among non-clinical samples, autistic traits correlate with a range of educational and social outcomes. However, previous work has not investigated the relationship between autistic traits and income, a key determinant of socio-economic status and wellbeing. In 5 studies (total N = 2491), we recruited participants without a diagnosis of autism from the general US population via an on-line platform, and administered the short-form Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) as well as asking a range of demographic questions. We found a negative association between AQ and household income, which remained robust after controlling for age, gender, education, employment status, ethnicity, and socially-desirable responding. The effect was primarily driven by the participant’s own income, and was mainly due to the social subscale of the AQ. These results provide initial evidence that income is negatively related to autistic traits among the general population, with potential implications for a range of social, psychological, and health outcomes.WJS was supported by Wellcome Trust grant RG76641 and Isaac Newton Trust grant RG70368. SBC was supported by the Autism Research Trust

A qualitative investigation into knowledge, beliefs, and practices surrounding mastitis in sub-Saharan Africa: what implications for vertical transmission of HIV?

BACKGROUND: Mastitis constitutes an important risk factor in HIV vertical transmission. Very little, however, is known on how women in sub-Saharan Africa conceptualise health problems related to breastfeeding, such as mastitis, and how they act when sick. We aimed at filling this gap in knowledge, by documenting the indigenous nosography of mastitis, health seeking behaviour, and remedies for prophylaxis and treatment in rural sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: The study was conducted in the Nouna Health District, rural Burkina Faso. We employed a combination of in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions reaching both women and guérisseuers. All material was transcribed, translated, and analysed inductively, applying data and analyst triangulation. RESULTS: Respondents perceived breast problems related to lactation to be highly prevalent and described a sequence of symptoms which resembles the biomedical understanding of pathologies related to breastfeeding, ranging from breast engorgement (stasis) to inflammation (mastitis) and infection (breast abscess). The aetiology of disease, however, differed from biomedical notions as both women and guerisseurs distinguished between "natural" and "unnatural" causes of health problems related to breastfeeding. To prevent and treat such pathologies, women used a combination of traditional and biomedical therapies, depending on the perceived cause of illness. In general, however, a marked preference for traditional systems of care was observed. CONCLUSION: Health problems related to breastfeeding are perceived to be very common in rural Burkina Faso. Further epidemiological research to assess the actual prevalence of such pathologies is urgently needed to inform the design of adequate control measures, especially given the impact of mastitis on HIV vertical transmission. Our investigation into local illness concepts and health care seeking behaviour is useful to ensure that such measures be culturally sensitive. Further research into the efficacy of local customs and traditional healing methods and their effect on viral load in breast milk is also urgently needed

Wellbeing indicators affecting female entrepreneurship in OECD countries

[EN] The objective of this research is to know which wellbeing indicators, such as work-life balance, educational level, income or job security, are related to the rate of female entrepreneurship in 29 OECD countries. In addition, these countries have been classified according to the motivation of the entrepreneur either by necessity or by opportunity. The empiric study is focused on 29 OECD countries covering the different geographic areas (Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Middle East, etc.) Due to the fact that the sample is relatively small, it is essential to use a selective approach when selecting the causal conditions. To this end, fsQCA is the most appropriate methodology for such a small data set. A total of 5 variables have been used: an independent variable (female TEA ratio), and four dependent variables (work life balance, educational level, sustainable household income and job security). Data measuring female TEA ratio have been obtained from Global Entrepreneur Monitor (GEM in Global report, 2015) data base, while data measuring wellbeing dimensions were taken from the Better Life Index (OECD in How¿s life? Measuring wellbeing, 2015. http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org). The results of this piece of research show that countries with high sustainable household income together with high level of education achieves high female entrepreneurship ratio with both, a good work-life balance (despite of a high unemployment probability), or a high labour-personal imbalance (in this latter, with a low probability of unemployment).This work has been funded by the R + D project for emerging research groups with reference (GVA) GV/2016/078.Ribes-Giner, G.; Moya Clemente, I.; Cervelló Royo, RE.; Perelló Marín, MR. (2019). Wellbeing indicators affecting female entrepreneurship in OECD countries. Quality & Quantity. 53(2):915-933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-018-0796-4S915933532Ahl, H., Nelson, T.: How policy positions women entrepreneurs: a comparative analysis of state discourse in Sweden and the United States. J. Bus. Ventur. 30(2), 273–291 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.08.002Andersson, P.: Happiness and health: wellbeing among the self-employed. J. Socio-Econ. 37(1), 213–236 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2007.03.003Bardasi, E., Sabarwal, S., Terrell, K.: How do female entrepreneurs perform? Evidence from three developing regions. Small Bus. Econ. 37(4), 417–441 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9374-zBergheim, S., Schneider, S., Giesel, B., Walter, N.: Measures of Wellbeing. There is More to it Than GDP. Deutsche Bank Research, Frankfurt (2006)Berglund, H.: Between cognition and discourse: phenomenology and the study of entrepreneurship. Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res. 21(3), 472–488 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2013-0210Bianchi, M., Parisi, V., Salvatore, R.: Female entrepreneurs: motivations and constraints. An Italian regional study. Int. J. Gend. Entrep. 8(3), 198–220 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-08-2015-0029Bittencourt Marconatto, D.A., Barin-Cruz, L., Pozzebon, M., Poitras, J.E.: Developing sustainable business models within BOP contexts: mobilizing native capability to cope with government programs. J. Clean. Prod. 129, 735–748 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.038Boarini, R., Comola, M., Smith, C., Manchin, R., de Keulenaer, F.: What makes for a better life? The determinants of subjective well-being in OECD countries—evidence from the Gallup World Poll. OECD statistics working papers, 2012(3), 0_1 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1787/5k9b9ltjm937-enBoarini, R., D’Ercole, M.M.: Going beyond GDP: an OECD perspective. Fisc. Stud. 34(3), 289–314 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2013.12007.xBradshaw, J., Hoelscher, P., Richardson, D. (eds.): Comparing child well-being in OECD countries: Concepts and methods. Innocenti working paper, IWP-2006-03. UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence, Italy (2007)Brindley, C.: Barriers to women achieving their entrepreneurial potential. Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res. Emerald Group Publishing Limited (2005). Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/13552550510590554Burke, A.E., Fitzroy, F.R., Nolan, M.A.: What makes a die-hard entrepreneur? Beyond the “employee or entrepreneur” dichotomy. Small Bus. Econ. 31(2), 93–115 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-007-9086-6Buttner, H.E., Moore, D.P.: Women’s organizational exodus to entrepreneurship: self-reported motivations and correlates with success. J. Small Bus. Manag. 35(1), 34–46 (1997). Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.comCarter, S.: The rewards of entrepreneurship: exploring the incomes, wealth, and economic wellbeing of entrepreneurial households. Entrep. Theory Pract. 35(1), 39–55 (2011)Castaño, M.-S., Méndez, M.-T., Galindo, M.Á.: The effect of social, cultural, and economic factors on entrepreneurship. J. Bus. Res. 68(7), 1496–1500 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.01.040Castellano, R., Musella, G., Punzo, G.: Structure of the labour market and wage inequality: evidence from European countries. Qual. Quant. 51(5), 2191–2218 (2017)Cervelló-Royo, R., Moya-Clemente, I., Ribes-Giner, G.: Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Latin America: Who should finance the entrepreneurial ventures of the less privileged? In: Peris-Ortiz, M., Sahut, J.-M. (eds.) New Challenges in Entrepreneurship and Finance, pp. 235–245. Springer, Cham (2015)Cervelló-Royo, R., Guijarro, F., Martinez-Gomez, V.: Social performance considered within the global performance of Microfinance Institutions: a new approach. Oper. Res. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12351-017-0360-3Chaaban, J., Irani, A., Khoury, A.: The composite global wellbeing index (CGWBI): a new multi-dimensional measure of human development. Soc. Indic. Res. 129(1), 465–487 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1112-5Chapple, S.: Child wellbeing and sole-parent family structure in the OECD: an analysis. OECD. Social, employment, and migration working papers (82), 0_1 (2009)Christofides, L.N., Polycarpou, A., Vrachimis, K.: Gender wage gaps, “sticky floors” and “glass ceilings” in Europe. Labour Econ. 21, 86–102 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2013.01.003Cumming, D., Hou, W., Lee, E.: Sustainable and ethical entrepreneurship, corporate finance and governance, and institutional reform in China. J. Bus. Ethics 134(4), 505–508 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2381-7Cummins, R.A., Eckersley, R., Pallant, J., Van Vugt, J., Misajon, R.: Developing a national index of subjective wellbeing: the Australian Unity Wellbeing Index. Soc. Indic. Res. 64(2), 159–190 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024704320683De la Cruz Sánchez-Escobedo, M., Díaz-Casero, J.C., Díaz-Aunión, Á.M., Hernández-Mogollón, R.: Gender analysis of entrepreneurial intentions as a function of economic development across three groups of countries. Int. Entrep. Manag. J. 10(4), 747–765 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0314-7Diener, E.: Subjective wellbeing. In: Diener, E. (ed.) The Sicence of Wellbeing, pp. 11–58. Springer, Dordrecht (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_2Dodge, R., Daly, A., Huyton, J., Sanders, L.: The challenge of defining wellbeing. Int. J. Wellbeing 2(3), 222–235 (2012). https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v2i3.4Fiss, P.C.: Building better casual theories: a fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research. Acad. Manag. J. 54(2), 393–420 (2011)Fleche, S., Smith, C., Sorsa, P.: Exploring determinants of subjective wellbeing in OECD countries (2011)Fleche, S., Smith, C., Sorsa, P.: Exploring determinants of subjective wellbeing in OECD countries evidence from the world value survey. Working papers, OECD Statistics (2012). https://doi.org/10.1787/5kg0k6zlcm5k-enFoley, A., Griffith, B.: Education, training and the promotion of high quality entrepreneurs in the Republic of Ireland. In: Scott, M.G., Rosa, P., Klandt, H. (eds.) Educating Entrepreneurs for Wealth Creation. Ashgate, Aldershot (1998)Garikipati, S.: Microcredit and women’s empowerment: through the lens of time-use data from rural India. Dev. Change 43(3), 719–750 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2012.01780.xGEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor): Global report (2015)Harter, J.K., Schmidt, F.L., Keyes, C.L.M.: Wellbeing in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes. A review of the Gallup studies. In: Keyes, C.L.M., Haidt, J. (eds.) Flourishing: The Positive Person and the Good Life, pp. 205–224. American Psychologi cal Association, Washington (2003)Henry, C., Foss, L., Ahl, H.: Gender and entrepreneurship research: a review of methodological approaches. Int. Small Bus. J. 34(3), 217–241 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242614549779Hessels, J., Van Gelderen, M., Thurik, R.: Entrepreneurial aspirations, motivations, and their drivers”. Small Bus. Econ. 31(3), 323–339 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-008-9134-xIezzi, D.F., Deriu, F.: Women active citizenship and wellbeing: the Italian case. Qual. Quant. 48(2), 845–862 (2014)Jansson, T.: Housing choices and labor income risk. J. Urban Econ. 99, 107–119 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2016.12.006Johansen, V., Foss, L.: The effects of entrepreneurship education—does gender matter? Int. J. Entrep. Small Bus. 20(3), 255–271 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2013.056889Judge, W.Q., Hu, H.W., Gabrielsson, J., Talaulicar, T., Witt, M.A., Zattoni, A., Kibler, B.: Configurations of capacity for change in entrepreneurial threshold firms: imprinting and strategic choice perspectives. J. Manag. Stud. 52(4), 506–530 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12121Kautonen, T., Kibler, E., Minniti, M.: Late-career entrepreneurship, income and quality of life. J. Bus. Ventur. 32(3), 318–333 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.02.005Kephart, P., Schumacher, L.: Has the “glass ceiling” cracked? An exploration of women entrepreneurship. J. Leadersh. Organ. Stud. 12(1), 2–15 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190501200102Kirkwood, J.: Motivational factors in a push–pull theory of entrepreneurship. Gend. Manag. Int. J. 24(5), 346–364 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1108/17542410910968805Kobeissi, N.: Gender factors and female entrepreneurship: International evidence and policy implications. J. Int. Entrep. 8, 1–35 (2010). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-010-0045-yKuckertz, A., Berger, E.S.C., Allmendinger, M.P.: What drives entrepreneurship? A configurational analysis of the determinants of entrepreneurship in innovation-driven economies. Die Betriebswirtschaft/Bus. Adm. Rev. 75(4), 273–288 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415324.004La Placa, V., McNaught, A., Knight, A.: Discourse on wellbeing in research and practice. Int. J. Wellbeing 3, 116–125 (2013). https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v3i1.7Langowitz, N., Minniti, M.: The entrepreneurial propensity of women. Entrep. Theory Pract. 31(3), 341–364 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00177.xLee, S.S.Y.: Examining policy configurations as conditions for long-term unemployment and non-standard employment in OECD countries using fuzzy-set analysis. Qual. Quant. 47(6), 3521–3536 (2013)Leffler, E., Svedberg, G.: Enterprise learning: a challenge to education? Eur. Educ. Res. J. 4(3), 219–227 (2005)Levie, J., Autio, E.: A theoretical grounding and test of the GEM model. Small Bus. Econ. 31(3), 235–263 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-008-9136-8Maccagnan, A., Wren-Lewis, S., Brown, H., Taylor, T.: Wellbeing and society: towards quantification of the co-benefits of wellbeing. Soc. Indic. Res. 1–27 (2018)Mandl, C., Berger, E.S.C., Kuckertz, A.: Do you plead guilty? Exploring entrepreneurs’ sensemaking-behavior link after business failure. J. Bus. Ventur. Insights 5, 9–13 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2015.12.002Martin, B.C., McNally, J.J., Kay, M.J.: Examining the formation of human capital in entrepreneurship: a meta-analysis of entrepreneurship education outcomes. J. Bus. Ventur. 28(2), 211–224 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.002McClelland, E., Swail, J., Bell, J., Ibbotson, P.: Following the pathway of female entrepreneurs. Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res. 11(2), 84–107 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550510590527Millán, J.M., Hessels, J., Thurik, R., Aguado, R.: Determinants of job satisfaction: a European comparison of self-employed and paid employees. Small Bus. Econ. 40(3), 651–670 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9380-1Minniti, M., Nardone, C.: Being in someone else’s shoes: the role of gender in nascent entrepreneurship. Small Bus. Econ. 28(2–3), 223–238 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9017-yMishra, V., Nielsen, I., Smyth, R.: How does relative income and variations in short-run wellbeing affect wellbeing in the long run? Empirical evidence from China’s Korean minority. Soc. Indic. Res. 115(1), 67–91 (2014)Murias, P., Martinez, F., de Miguel, C.: An economic wellbeing index for the Spanish provinces: a data envelopment analysis approach. Soc. Indic. Res. 77(3), 395–417 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-2613-4Naudé, W., Amorós, J.E., Cisti, O.: Surfeiting, the appetite may sticken: entrepreneurship and happiness. Small Bus. Econ. 42(3), 523–540 (2014)Ng, T.W.H., Feldman, D.C.: Re-examining the relationship between age and voluntary turnover. J. Vocat. Behav. 74(3), 283–294 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.01.004O’Connor, A.: A conceptual framework for entrepreneurship education policy: meeting government and economic purposes. J. Bus. Ventur. 28(4), 546–563 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.07.003Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): OECD guidelines on measuring subjective well-being (2013)Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: How’s Life? Measuring Wellbeing (2015). http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org . Accessed 28 May 2017Orlova, L.V., Sakhabieva, G.A., Vasyaycheva, V.A., Pronina, N.N.: Impact of educational attainment on the development of female entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan. Indian J. Sci. Technol. (2016). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i11/89427Osberg, L., Sharpe, A.: An index of economic wellbeing for selected OECD countries. Rev. Income Wealth 5(3), 291–316 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4991.00056Osberg, L., Sharpe, A.: New Estimates of the Index of Economic Wellbeing for Selected OECD Countries, 1980–2007. Centre for the Study of Living Standards, Ottawa (2009)Parasuraman, S., Purohit, Y.S., Godshalk, V.M., Beutell, N.J.: Work and family variables, entrepreneurial career success, and psychological wellbeing. J. Vocat. Behav. 48(3), 275–300 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0025Parasuraman, S., & Simmers, C.A.: Type of employment, work–family conflict and well-being: a comparative study. J. Organ. Behav.: Int. J Ind., Occup. Organ. Psychol. Behav. 22(5), 551–568 (2001)Patrick, C., Stephens, H., Weinstein, A.: Where are all the self-employed women? Push and pull factors influencing female labor market decisions. Small Bus. Econ. 46(3), 365–390 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9697-2Poggesi, S., Mari, M., De Vita, L.: What’s new in female entrepreneurship research? Answers from the literature. Int. Entrep. Manag. J. 12(3), 735–764 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0364-5Ragin, C.: The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. University of California Press, Berkeley (1987)Ragin, C.C.: New directions in comparative research. In: Kohn, M.L. (ed.) Cross-National Research in Sociology, pp. 57–76. Sage, Newbury Park (1989)Ragin, C.C.: Fuzzy-Set Social Science. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (2000)Ragin, Charles C., Sonnett, J.: Between complexity and parsimony: limited diversity, counterfactual cases, and comparative analysis. In: Ragin, Charles C. (ed.) Redesigning Social Inquiry. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (2004)Ragin, C.C.: Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond, vol. 240. University of Chicago Pres, Chicago (2008)Rahman, S.A., Amran, A., Ahmad, N.H., Taghizadeh, S.K.: Enhancing the wellbeing of base of the pyramid entrepreneurs through business success: the role of private organizations. Soc. Indic. Res. 127(1), 195–216 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0951-4Renee Baptiste, N.: Tightening the link between employee wellbeing at work and performance. Manag. Decis. 46(2), 284–309 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740810854168Rey-Martí, A., Tur Porcar, A., Mas-Tur, A.: Linking female entrepreneurs’ motivation to business survival. J. Bus. Res. 68(4), 810–814 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.11.033Reynolds, P.D., Bygrave, W.D., Autio, E., Cox, L.W., Hay, M.: Global entrepreneurship monitor, 2002 executive report. London (2002)Ribes-Giner, G., Moya-Clemente, I., Cervelló-Royo, R., Perello-Marin, M.R.: Domestic economic and social conditions empowering female entrepreneurship. J. Bus. Res. 89, 182–189 (2018)Ruth Eikhof, D., Summers, J., Carter, S., Eikhof, D.R., Summers, J., Carter, S.: Women doing their own thing: media representations of female entrepreneurship. Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res. 19(5), 547–564 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-09-2011-0107Sampedro Gallego, R., Camarero Rioja, L.: Female entrepreneurs in rural Spain—the failed subject of development. Rev. Int. Sociol. 65(48), 121–146 (2007)Saridakis, G., Marlow, S., Storey, D.J.: Do different factors explain male and female self-employment rates? J. Bus. Ventur. 29(3), 345–362 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.04.004Shepherd, D.A., Douglas, E.J., Shanley, M.: New venture survival: ignorance, external shocks, and risk reduction strategies. J. Bus. Ventur. 15(5), 393–410 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00008-1Shepherd, D., Haynie, J.M.: Birds of a feather don’t always flock together: identity management in entrepreneurship. J. Bus. Ventur. 24(4), 316–337 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.10.005Shinnar, R.S., Hsu, D.K., Powell, B.C.: Self-efficacy, entrepreneurial intentions, and gender: assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education longitudinally. Int. J. Manag. Educ. 12(3), 561–570 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2014.09.005Shir, N.: Entrepreneurial Wellbeing: The Payoff Structure of Business Creation. Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm (2015)Thiem, A., Dusa, A.: QCA: a package for qualitative comparative analysis. R package version 2.0. R J. 5, 87–97 (2013). Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/QCA/index.htmlTorri, M.M.C., Martinez, A.: Women’s empowerment and micro-entrepreneurship in India: constructing a new development paradigm? Prog. Dev. Stud. 14(1), 31–48 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1177/1464993413504347Tur-Porcar, A., Mas-Tur, A., Belso, J.A.: Barriers to women entrepreneurship. Different methods, different results? Qual. Quant. 51(5), 2019–2034 (2017)Uy, M.A., Foo, M.Der, Song, Z.: Joint effects of prior start-up experience and coping strategies on entrepreneurs’ psychological wellbeing. J. Bus. Ventur. 28(5), 583–597 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.04.003Uy, M.A., Sun, S., Foo, M.Der: Affect spin, entrepreneurs’ wellbeing, and venture goal progress: the moderating role of goal orientation. J. Bus. Ventur. 32(4), 443–460 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.12.001Van der Sluis, J., Van Praag, M., Vijverberg, W.: Education and entrepreneurship selection and performance: a review of empirical literature. J. Econ. Surv. 22(5), 795–841 (2008)Verheul, I., Stel, A.Van, Thurik, R.: Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level. Entrep. Reg. Dev. 18(2), 151–183 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620500532053Witbooi, M., Ukpere, W.: Indigenous female entrepreneurship: analytical study on access to finance for women entrepreneurs in South Africa. Afr. J. Bus. Manag. 5(14), 5646–5657 (2011)Woodside, A.G., Bernal, P.M., Coduras, A.: The general theory of culture, entrepreneurship, innovation, and quality-of-life: comparing nurturing versus thwarting enterprise start-ups in BRIC, Denmark, Germany, and the United States. Ind. Mark. Manag. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.11.00

Characterisation of barley resistance to rhynchosporium on chromosome 6HS

Key Message: Major resistance gene to rhynchosporium, Rrs18, maps close to the telomere on the short arm of chromosome 6H in barley. Rhynchosporium or barley scald caused by a fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium commune is one of the most destructive and economically important diseases of barley in the world. Testing of Steptoe × Morex and CIho 3515 × Alexis doubled haploid populations has revealed a large effect QTL for resistance to R. commune close to the telomere on the short arm of chromosome 6H, present in both populations. Mapping markers flanking the QTL from both populations onto the 2017 Morex genome assembly revealed a rhynchosporium resistance locus independent of Rrs13 that we named Rrs18. The causal gene was fine mapped to an interval of 660 Kb using Steptoe × Morex backcross 1 S₂ and S₃ lines with molecular markers developed from Steptoe exome capture variant calling. Sequencing RNA from CIho 3515 and Alexis revealed that only 4 genes within the Rrs18 interval were transcribed in leaf tissue with a serine/threonine protein kinase being the most likely candidate for Rrs18.Max Coulter, Bianca Büttner, Kerstin Hofmann, Micha Bayer, Luke Ramsay, Günther Schweizer, Robbie Waugh, Mark E. Looseley, Anna Avrov

Conscientiousness, Career Success, and Longevity: A Lifespan Analysis

Markers of executive functioning, such as prudent planning for the future and impulse control, are related to conscientiousness and may be central to both occupational success and health outcomes. The aim of the study was to examine relations among conscientiousness, career success, and mortality risk across a 65-year period. Using data derived from 693 male participants in the Terman Life Cycle Study, we examined associations among childhood personality, midlife objective career success, and lifelong mortality risk through 2006. Conscientiousness and career success each predicted lower mortality risk (N = 693, relative hazard (rh) = 0.82 [95% confidence interval = 0.74, 0.91] and rh = 0.80 [0.71, 0.91], respectively), with both shared and unique variance. Importantly, childhood personality moderated the success–longevity link; conscientiousness was most relevant for least successful individuals. Conscientiousness and career success predicted longevity, but not in a straightforward manner. Findings highlight the importance of lifespan processes

Careers of highly educated self-initiated expatriates : observations from studies among Finnish business professionals

This chapter reviews existing literature about the careers of self-initiated expatriates and analyzes the different studies carried out among university level educated Finnish business professionals. A series of studies carried out among members of the Finnish Association of Business School Graduates during the last 15 years was cross-analyzed. The studies are based on three surveys and further interviews among their expatriate members (1999, 2004 and a follow-up study in 2012) also involving SIEs. Therefore, this chapter provide an overview of what we know about the careers of Finnish SIEs and show evidence of (1) their career motives, (2) the role of family considerations in the career decision making of SIEs, (3) the development of career capital and social capital during SIE-experiences, and also (4) longer-term career impacts of SIE-experiences. Based on the literature review and analysis of above mentioned studies we highlight the gaps in in the knowledge about SIEs and suggest areas where further research is needed.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Photoacclimation strategies in northeastern Atlantic seagrasses: Integrating responses across plant organizational levels

Seagrasses live in highly variable light environments and adjust to these variations by expressing acclimatory responses at different plant organizational levels (meadow, shoot, leaf and chloroplast level). Yet, comparative studies, to identify species' strategies, and integration of the relative importance of photoacclimatory adjustments at different levels are still missing. The variation in photoacclimatory responses at the chloroplast and leaf level were studied along individual leaves of Cymodocea nodosa, Zostera marina and Z. noltei, including measurements of variable chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, photoprotective capacities, non-photochemical quenching and D1-protein repair, and assessments of variation in leaf anatomy and chloroplast distribution. Our results show that the slower-growing C. nodosa expressed rather limited physiological and biochemical adjustments in response to light availability, while both species of faster-growing Zostera showed high variability along the leaves. In contrast, the inverse pattern was found for leaf anatomical adjustments in response to light availability, which were more pronounced in C. nodosa. This integrative plant organizational level approach shows that seagrasses differ in their photoacclimatory strategies and that these are linked to the species' life history strategies, information that will be critical for predicting the responses of seagrasses to disturbances and to accordingly develop adequate management strategies.Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal [PTDC/MAR-EST/4257/2014