A reluctant call to arms : the origins and the development of the Truman Doctrine.

For nearly seventy years, historians have scrutinized the origins of the Cold War and debated the Truman Doctrine's significance to this international conflict. These sometimes emotional deliberations produced three distinct narratives, which sought to justify, assail, or simply explain the thirty-third president's impact on US-Soviet relations between 1945 and 1947. Not surprisingly, all of these interpretations accept the premise that the chief executive's appeal for the Greek-Turkish aid package constituted a fundamental change in Washington's foreign policy towards Moscow. This thesis, however, posits that Truman never intended to establish an open-ended universal policy designed to govern America's international agenda for the Cold War's entire duration. On the contrary, an analysis of government documents, personal memoirs, oral histories, and contemporary periodicals reveal the commander-in-chief as an inexperienced world leader whose ambivalence towards the USSR created an initial reluctance on his part to publicly criticize the Kremlin's leadership. Evidence suggests that negative domestic factors in late 1946 prompted the chief executive to openly embrace a confrontational policy towards the Soviet Union. Determined to revitalize his beleaguered administration, Truman readily co-opted the Republican's anti-communist position when he decided to safeguard Athens' government from Greece's ongoing insurgency. Consequently, he countered Moscow's perceived aggression in the Balkans with an extreme rhetorical stance calculated to gain immediate support from a hostile Congress and indifferent American public. Truman's zealous pursuit of this short term goal, however, inadvertently altered the public's long-term conception of US-Soviet relations. Though he never meant to establish a new doctrine, the president's speech ultimately resulted in a major paradigm shift in world affairs

Notas briológicas de la provincia de Vizcaya. I. Estudio de las comunidades de esfagnos del Puerto de Urquiola

Hemos estudiado los esfagnos y las comunidades higro-turbosas del Puerto de Urquiola (Vizcaya). Se han recolectado 10 especies de Sphagnum, de ellas, 8 especies son nuevas citas para Vizcaya.Del estudio fìtosociológico de las comunidades, se describe la subasociación Sphagnetosum crassicladi subas. nova.We have studied the sphagnum and the damp boggy comunities of the Puerto de Urquiola (Vizcaya). We have collected 10 species of Sphagnum, from these, 8 species are new records for Vizcaya. From the syntaxonomic study of the comunities, we describe for the first time Helodo-Sphagnetum Lemée 1937, Sphagnetosum crassicladi subas. nova

The Role of Family Interactions in HIV Risk for Gay and Bisexual Male Youth: A Pilot Study

Despite ongoing prevention efforts, young gay and bisexual males continue to engage in sexual behaviors that place them at disproportionately high risk for HIV infection. Parental monitoring and parent-child communication have been found to be associated with low-risk sexual behavior among heterosexual youth, but the role of family interactions for gay and bisexual male youth remains largely unexplored. To help address this gap, an exploratory study of recorded and coded interactions among 35 gay and bisexual youth and their parents was done to begin to identify which types of family interactions were associated with youth high-risk sexual behavior. Parent-son communication that was mutual and low in conflict was found to be most prevalent among youth with the fewest reported high-risk sexual behaviors. These preliminary findings, along with a case example, demonstrate how social workers can coach families to engage in productive and potentially influential interactions that reduce HIV-related sexual behaviors among young gay and bisexual males

Notas briológicas de la provincia de Vizcaya. I. Estudio de las comunidades de esfagnos del Puerto de Urquiola

We have studied the sphagnum and the damp boggy comunities of the Puerto de Urquiola (Vizcaya). We have collected 10 species of Sphagnum,from these, 8 species are new records for Vizcaya. From the syntaxonomic study of the comunities, we describe for the first time Helodo-Sphagnetum Lemee 1937, Sphagnetosum crassicladisubas. nova.Hemos estudiado los esfagnos y las comunidades higro-turbosas del Puerto de Urquiola (Vizcaya). Se han recolectado 10 especies de Sphagnum, de ellas, 8 especies son nuevas citas para Vizcaya. Del estudio fitosociológico de las comunidades, se describe la subasociación Sphagnetosum crassicladi subas. nov

Care of the old—A matter of ethics, organization and relationships

The world stands on the threshold of a demographic revolution called global ageing. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the population aged 60 and over is expected to increase from today's 650 million to an estimated 2 billion by 2050. Alongside demographic changes, dramatic changes can also be observed in older people's services. The shift has resulted in reduced government spending on caring for ill and frail older people in health care. Today, many governments have developed strategies to keep older people living well in their private home for as long as possible and have replaced long-term care institutions with residential homes. The aim of this study was to illuminate the meaning of caring for older people as experienced by health care students and professionals working in this field. Interviews were carried out with 17 women and one man, aged 21–65 years; six were Registered Nurses (RN), six were Enrolled Nurses (EN) and six were nursing students. The interviews were analyzed with a phenomenological hermeneutical approach and provided three themes and eight sub-themes: Ethical moral self with sub-themes “meeting the needs of the old”, “pliability towards the old”, and “difficulties in meeting aggressiveness”; Organizational and co-workers ethical moral actions with sub-themes, “co-workers who are offensive”, and “supportive and non-supportive leaders”: The relation with the old persons and their relatives with sub-themes “fellowship and closeness in the relation”, “uncertainty and fear in the relation”, and, “demands from the older persons’ close relatives”

Compact IR laser for calibration of space based sensors

An Er:YAG laser, operating at 2.94 microns, has been developed for in-theater calibration of space based infrared sensors. The laser is used to illuminate a spaceborne sensor focal plane from a surveyed ground reference point. The known reference point is compared to the laser position reported by the sensor, and boresight corrections are made. The Er:YAG laser is side pumped by a InGaAs diode array and is tuned to an atmospheric microwindow with and intracavity etalon. This technology is being directly applied to meet Army requirements for enhanced deep strike targeting information supplied to theater weapons systems

Generar conciencia sobre minibasurales, contaminación por plásticos y otros R.S.U. una tarea de (responsabilidad) de todos

El presente artículo se refiere a los talleres teórico-prácticos desarrollados, en el marco del Proyecto Voluntariado “Las 3R” financiado por la SPU del Ministerio de Educación de la Nación, con el objeto de difundir y educar sobre contaminación por plásticos, residuos sólidos urbanos y el impacto ambiental negativo que se produce debido a la presencia de minibasurales en los distintos barrios de nuestra ciudad. Mediante el trabajo en conjunto entre docentes y estudiantes de los diferentes niveles educativos, instituciones, y personas interesadas en la problemática planteada se puede disminuir la contaminación debido a los mini basurales a cielo abierto, residuos plásticos (PET, HDPE, PP y otros) y en el proceso lograr que los participantes a los talleres adquieran un aprendizaje significativo sobre tipos de plásticos, usos, y la importancia que presentan los procesos de recolección, separación y reutilización de residuos plásticos. Los talleres son realizados por miembros del grupo GIESMA de la FaCENA con la participación de instituciones educativas del nivel primario y secundario y organizaciones religiosas como CARITAS Corrientes

Indigenizing and contextualizing the use of cooperative learning strategies

Exploring the indigenous Cebuano cultural practices contextualizeda culture-based Cooperative Learning (CL) strategy. The study explored the socio-cultural background of Cebuano cooperation as reflected in the communal practices of the tagay, alayon, yayong, tambayayong, and unong (TAYTU); the process of localized cooperative learning strategies contextualized in the TAYTU; designing lesson exemplars in the TAYTU way. This qualitative study used a directive content analysis design using relevant research findings and initial codes that serve as bases of future projections, as a form of trend studies in CL strategies. The exploratory design was used to provide visualization of TAYTU exemplars. FGDs were conducted among the 60 research participants: alayon farmers (20), tambayayong fishermen (20) and male-drinkers (20), using enumeration sampling and inclusion criteria to establish the socio-cultural background of the study. The indigenous identities of the Cebuano cultural practices bridgeda potential exploration of the localized and contextualized CL strategies in realizing the noble aim of malasakit in the Philippines’ AmBisyon Natin 2040. Catharsis in tagay; togetherness and unity of command in alayon; sensibility and sensitivity in yayong; sharing of extreme emotions in tambayayong; and intimacy and solidarity in unong featured a socio-cultural background necessitated in the crafting of the TAYTU Models of CL Teaching exemplars