Performance of positive pressure fan-pad cooling system and cooling load model for Chinese solar greenhouse

Year-round and efficient production for crop products of high yield, quality and cleanliness is the development trend of the Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG). However, this is limited by unfavorable climate conditions inside the CSG, such as high air temperature in warm seasons. The fan-pad cooling system, normally adopting negative pressure ventilation, has been widely used for greenhouse cultivation. But it generates a large air temperature gradient in greenhouse, limits the greenhouse dimensions. Above deficiencies are more serious in the CSG. Because CSG always has a long distance between the sidewalls, fans and gaskets are installed separately on the sidewalls. In order to overcome the limitations of negative fan-pad cooling system and improve ability of the CSG in coping with high temperature, a positive pressure fan-pad cooling system (PPFPCS) was designed in this study. By using this system, the cold and humid air enters the CSG from bottom of south roof, and then hot air leaves the CSG through roof vents. Performance of the PPFPCS was tested in a CSG without crops in Beijing area during summer. Results showed that in typical summer hot days, the PPFPCS cooperating with external shading net could decrease mean air temperature of the CSG experimental area to 30.7-33.4 ℃, which was lower than that in the CSG contrast area using natural ventilation combination with external shading net by 5.4-11.1 ℃. Air temperature of the CSG experimental area was also lower than that outside the CSG with a temperature difference of 2.4-5.4 ℃. Nevertheless, both natural and mechanical ventilations were tested to have limited cooling capacity to meet climate requirement for CSG cultivation. The PPFPCS could also decrease the CSG air temperature at night, but had a poorer performance in comparison with daytime cooling due to the smaller vapor pressure deficit (VPD). The contrast area of CSG encountered an extreme low air humidity state with mean VPD of 3.4-6.1 kPa. PPFPCS could effectively alleviate low humidity stress: the average relative humidity in CSG experimental area was between 49.8% and 62.3%, which was 13.6% - 21.2% higher than that in CSG control area and 13.6%-24.6% higher than that in outdoor area. Wind velocity inside the CSG experimental area ranged from 0.35 to 1 m/s, which indicated a relative uniform air flow distribution. Cooling efficiency of the PPFPCS was about 91%, which was over 10 percentage points higher than that of the traditional negative pressure fan-pad cooling system. Low temperature of the PPFPCS circling water contributed to the high cooling efficiency. Average water consumption rate of the PPFPCS used for CSG cooling was 0.035-0.079 g/(m2·s) during the test. It had a positive linear correlation with VPD of outdoor air, that is drier outdoor air anticipates larger water consumption and better cooling performance. Both cooling load model of the CSG and selection method for fan-pad cooling system were derived. Cooling load model is the basis for capacity calculation of cooling equipment to be installed. Cooling load of the CSG in summer was 299.1 W/m2. Contribution ratios of convective heat transfer between north wall and indoor air, convective heat transfer between greenhouse floor with indoor air, hot air infiltration, as well as heat transfer between indoor and outdoor air though south roof, north roof and side walls were 11.0%, 73.3%, 1.3% and 14.4%, respectively. The maximum specific ventilation rate of the PPFPCS used for CSG cooling was recommended to be 0.067 m/s. This study can provide technical support for the application of PPFPCS in CSG cultivation and provide theoretical basis for the climate control of CSG production in summer. 摘 要：负压湿帘风机降温被广泛应用于温室生产中，但存在降温均匀性差、限制温室长度及对温室密闭性要求高等不 足。为克服负压湿帘风机降温的局限性，提高日光温室降温能力，该研究设计了日光温室正压湿帘冷风降温系统，其气 流组织方式为湿冷空气从南屋面底部进入日光温室，热空气由顶开窗排出室外。在北京地区无作物的日光温室对系统夏 季降温增湿效果及性能进行试验，试验结果表明：在典型夏季高温白天，正压湿帘冷风降温系统配合遮阳网可将日光温 室试验区内平均气温控制在 30.7～33.4 ℃，比采用自然通风配合遮阳网的对照区低 5.4～11.1 ℃，比室外低 2.4～5.4 ℃， 降温效果良好；夜间系统对温室降温幅度减小。该系统可有效缓解低湿胁迫，日光温室试验区空气平均相对湿度为49.8%～ 62.3%，比对照区及室外分别高 13.6%～21.2%和 13.6%～24.6%。室内风速 0.35～1 m/s，气流分布差异性较小。试验条件 下，正压湿帘冷风降温系统的平均降温效率为91%，比传统的负压湿帘风机高10个百分点以上；实际平均耗水量为0.035～ 0.079 g/(m2 ·s)，且耗水量与室外空气水蒸气饱和压差（VPD，vapor pressure deficit）呈正相关（P<0.01，r=0.64）。同时， 研究构建了日光温室冷负荷计算模型及湿帘冷风降温设备合理选型方法，其中冷负荷模型是降温设备选型的基础，普遍 适用于各种日光温室降温方法的研究。计算得到日光温室夏季降温冷负荷为 299.1 W/m2，应安装的正压湿帘冷风降温系 统最大比通风量为 0.067 m/s。该研究为日光温室正压湿帘冷风降温方法的工程应用提供了技术参考，为日光温室安全越 夏生产环境控制提供了理论基础。 关键词：温室；温度；模型；日光温室；正压通风；湿帘风机；降温；冷负

Neurobiological Changes of Schizotypy: Evidence From Both Volume-Based Morphometric Analysis and Resting-State Functional Connectivity

The current study sought to examine the underlying brain changes in individuals with high schizotypy by integrating networks derived from brain structural and functional imaging. Individuals with high schizotypy (n = 35) and low schizotypy (n = 34) controls were screened using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and underwent brain structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging on a 3T scanner. Voxel-based morphometric analysis and graph theory-based functional network analysis were conducted. Individuals with high schizotypy showed reduced gray matter (GM) density in the insula and the dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus. The graph theoretical analysis showed that individuals with high schizotypy showed similar global properties in their functional networks as low schizotypy individuals. Several hubs of the functional network were identified in both groups, including the insula, the lingual gyrus, the postcentral gyrus, and the rolandic operculum. More hubs in the frontal lobe and fewer hubs in the occipital lobe were identified in individuals with high schizotypy. By comparing the functional connectivity between clusters with abnormal GM density and the whole brain, individuals with high schizotypy showed weaker functional connectivity between the left insula and the putamen, but stronger connectivity between the cerebellum and the medial frontal gyrus. Taken together, our findings suggest that individuals with high schizotypy present changes in terms of GM and resting-state functional connectivity, especially in the frontal lobe

A clinical microchip for evaluation of single immune cells reveals high functional heterogeneity in phenotypically similar T cells

Cellular immunity has an inherent high level of functional heterogeneity. Capturing the full spectrum of these functions requires analysis of large numbers of effector molecules from single cells. We report a microfluidic platform designed for highly multiplexed (more than ten proteins), reliable, sample-efficient (~1 × 10^4 cells) and quantitative measurements of secreted proteins from single cells. We validated the platform by assessment of multiple inflammatory cytokines from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human macrophages and comparison to standard immunotechnologies. We applied the platform toward the ex vivo quantification of T cell polyfunctional diversity via the simultaneous measurement of a dozen effector molecules secreted from tumor antigen–specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that were actively responding to tumor and compared against a cohort of healthy donor controls. We observed profound, yet focused, functional heterogeneity in active tumor antigen–specific CTLs, with the major functional phenotypes quantitatively identified. The platform represents a new and informative tool for immune monitoring and clinical assessment

The K giant stars from the LAMOST survey data I: identification, metallicity, and distance

We present a support vector machine classifier to identify the K giant stars from the LAMOST survey directly using their spectral line features. The completeness of the identification is about 75% for tests based on LAMOST stellar parameters. The contamination in the identified K giant sample is lower than 2.5%. Applying the classification method to about 2 million LAMOST spectra observed during the pilot survey and the first year survey, we select 298,036 K giant candidates. The metallicities of the sample are also estimated with uncertainty of $0.13\sim0.29$\,dex based on the equivalent widths of Mg$_{\rm b}$ and iron lines. A Bayesian method is then developed to estimate the posterior probability of the distance for the K giant stars, based on the estimated metallicity and 2MASS photometry. The synthetic isochrone-based distance estimates have been calibrated using 7 globular clusters with a wide range of metallicities. The uncertainty of the estimated distance modulus at $K=11$\,mag, which is the median brightness of the K giant sample, is about 0.6\,mag, corresponding to $\sim30$% in distance. As a scientific verification case, the trailing arm of the Sagittarius stream is clearly identified with the selected K giant sample. Moreover, at about 80\,kpc from the Sun, we use our K giant stars to confirm a detection of stream members near the apo-center of the trailing tail. These rediscoveries of the features of the Sagittarius stream illustrate the potential of the LAMOST survey for detecting substructures in the halo of the Milky Way.Comment: 24 pages, 20 figures, submitted to Ap

Array of nanosheets render ultrafast and high-capacity Na-ion storage by tunable pseudocapacitance

Sodium-ion batteries are a potentially low-cost and safe alternative to the prevailing lithium-ion battery technology. However, it is a great challenge to achieve fast charging and high power density for most sodium-ion electrodes because of the sluggish sodiation kinetics. Here we demonstrate a high-capacity and high-rate sodium-ion anode based on ultrathin layered tin(II) sulfide nanostructures, in which a maximized extrinsic pseudocapacitance contribution is identified and verified by kinetics analysis. The graphene foam supported tin(II) sulfide nanoarray anode delivers a high reversible capacity of ∼1,100 mAh g−1 at 30 mA g−1 and ∼420 mAh g−1 at 30 A g−1, which even outperforms its lithium-ion storage performance. The surface-dominated redox reaction rendered by our tailored ultrathin tin(II) sulfide nanostructures may also work in other layered materials for high-performance sodium-ion storage.Dongliang Chao, Changrong Zhu, Peihua Yang, Xinhui Xia, Jilei Liu, Jin Wang, Xiaofeng Fan, Serguei V. Savilov, Jianyi Lin, Hong Jin Fan, Ze Xiang She

Site-specific incorporation of phosphotyrosine using an expanded genetic code.

Access to phosphoproteins with stoichiometric and site-specific phosphorylation status is key to understanding the role of protein phosphorylation. Here we report an efficient method to generate pure, active phosphotyrosine-containing proteins by genetically encoding a stable phosphotyrosine analog that is convertible to native phosphotyrosine. We demonstrate its general compatibility with proteins of various sizes, phosphotyrosine sites and functions, and reveal a possible role of tyrosine phosphorylation in negative regulation of ubiquitination

Characterizing the Mid-IR Extragalactic Sky with WISE and SDSS

The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) has completed its all-sky survey at 3.4-22 micron. We merge the WISE data with optical SDSS data and provide a phenomenological characterization of mid-IR, extragalactic sources. WISE is most sensitive at 3.4micron(W1) and least at 22micron(W4). The W1 band probes massive early-type galaxies out to z\gtrsim1. This is more distant than SDSS identified early-type galaxies, consistent with the fact that 28% of 3.4micron sources have faint or no r-band counterparts (r>22.2). In contrast, 92-95% of 12 and 22micron sources have SDSS optical counterparts with r<22.2. WISE 3.4micron detects 89.8% of the entire SDSS QSO catalog at SNR(W1)>7, but only 18.9% at 22micron with SNR(W4)>5. We show that WISE colors alone are effective in isolating stars (or local early-type galaxies), star-forming galaxies and strong AGN/QSOs at z<3. We highlight three major applications of WISE colors: (1) Selection of strong AGN/QSOs at z0.8 and W2<15.2 criteria, producing a census of this population. The surface density of these strong AGN/QSO candidates is 67.5+-0.14/deg^2. (2) Selection of dust-obscured, type-2 AGN/QSO candidates. We show that WISE W1-W2>0.8, W2<15.2 combined with r-W2>6 (Vega) colors can be used to identify type-2 AGN candidates. The fraction of these type-2 AGN candidates is 1/3rd of all WISE color-selected AGNs. (3) Selection of ULIRGs at z\sim2 with extremely red colors, r-W4>14 or well-detected 22micron sources lacking detections in the 3.4 and 4.6micron bands. The surface density of z~2 r-W4>14 ULIRGs is 0.9+-0.07/deg^2 at SNR(W4)>5 (flux(W4)>=2.5mJy), which is consistent with that inferred from smaller area Spitzer surveys. Optical spectroscopy of a small number of these high-redshift ULIRGs confirms our selection, and reveals a possible trend that optically fainter or r-W4 redder candidates are at higher redshifts.Comment: 41 pages, 20 figures, Accepted for publication by the Astronomical Journa

An Algorithm for Preferential Selection of Spectroscopic Targets in LEGUE

We describe a general target selection algorithm that is applicable to any survey in which the number of available candidates is much larger than the number of objects to be observed. This routine aims to achieve a balance between a smoothly-varying, well-understood selection function and the desire to preferentially select certain types of targets. Some target-selection examples are shown that illustrate different possibilities of emphasis functions. Although it is generally applicable, the algorithm was developed specifically for the LAMOST Experiment for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (LEGUE) survey that will be carried out using the Chinese Guo Shou Jing Telescope. In particular, this algorithm was designed for the portion of LEGUE targeting the Galactic halo, in which we attempt to balance a variety of science goals that require stars at fainter magnitudes than can be completely sampled by LAMOST. This algorithm has been implemented for the halo portion of the LAMOST pilot survey, which began in October 2011.Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in RA