Novel amoxicillin nanoparticles formulated as sustained release delivery system for poultry use

Amoxicillin is used in the treatment and prevention of a wide range of diseases in poultry breeding. However, its short half-life and low bioavailability restrict its clinical application in these species. Entrapment of drugs into polymeric nanoparticles (nps) presents a means to improve gastrointestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of drugs. This study was aimed to overcome limitation of amoxicillin use in poultry breeding. Amoxicillin was loaded into sodium alginate-polyvinyl alcohol (NaAlg-PVA) blend nps, and characterization of the prepared nps was performed. For pharmacokinetic study, commercial male broilers were used and comparative pharmacokinetics of free and nanoparticle form of amoxicillin were investigated. Twenty-one broilers were divided into three groups. All groups received 10mg/kg drug. Blood samples were collected, and drug plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC. The results demonstrated that the particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity of the nps were 513.96 +/- 19.46nm, -45.36 +/- 1.35mV, 43.66 +/- 3.30, and 12.06 +/- 0.83%, respectively. In vitro drug release exhibited a biphasic pattern with an initial burst release of 18% within 2hr followed by a sustained release over 22hr. The pharmacokinetic results showed that amoxicillin nps have higher bioavailability and longer plasma half-life (p<.01) than free amoxicillin. These results indicate that amoxicillin nano formulation is suitable for oral administration in broilers

Novel amoxicillin nanoparticles formulated as sustained release delivery system for poultry use

Bakirel, Tulay/0000-0001-5805-2178;WOS: 000437133600013PubMed: 29604071Amoxicillin is used in the treatment and prevention of a wide range of diseases in poultry breeding. However, its short half-life and low bioavailability restrict its clinical application in these species. Entrapment of drugs into polymeric nanoparticles (nps) presents a means to improve gastrointestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of drugs. This study was aimed to overcome limitation of amoxicillin use in poultry breeding. Amoxicillin was loaded into sodium alginate-polyvinyl alcohol (NaAlg-PVA) blend nps, and characterization of the prepared nps was performed. For pharmacokinetic study, commercial male broilers were used and comparative pharmacokinetics of free and nanoparticle form of amoxicillin were investigated. Twenty-one broilers were divided into three groups. All groups received 10mg/kg drug. Blood samples were collected, and drug plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC. The results demonstrated that the particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity of the nps were 513.96 +/- 19.46nm, -45.36 +/- 1.35mV, 43.66 +/- 3.30, and 12.06 +/- 0.83%, respectively. In vitro drug release exhibited a biphasic pattern with an initial burst release of 18% within 2hr followed by a sustained release over 22hr. The pharmacokinetic results showed that amoxicillin nps have higher bioavailability and longer plasma half-life (p<.01) than free amoxicillin. These results indicate that amoxicillin nano formulation is suitable for oral administration in broilers.Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul UniversityIstanbul University [44188]Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University, Grant/Award Number: 4418

Effects of curcumin in combination with cyclophosphamide on canine mammary tumour cell lines&nbsp;

In recent years, significant emphasis has been placed on combination chemotherapy in cancer using cytotoxic agents and plant derived-bioactive substances that are capable of selectively arresting cell growth and inducing apoptosis in tumour cells. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possibility that the combination of curcumin and cyclophosphamide could show synergistic anti-proliferative effects towards CMT-U27 and CMT-U309 canine mammary cancer cells and, if so, to clarify the mechanism involved. The anti-proliferative activities of curcumin, cyclophosphamide and a combined treatment on CMT cells were determined using the MTT and LDH assays. The concentration of drug required for 50% inhibition of cell viability (IC50) and combination index (CI) values were calculated from log dose-response curves of fixed-combinations of curcumin and cyclophosphamide generated from MTT assays. Apoptosis was detected using a DNA fragmentation assay and Annexin-V/propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry. Cell cycle analyses were also performed using flow cytometry. The expression of the apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl-2 was determined by immunocytochemical staining. MTT and LDH assays showed that curcumin and cyclophosphamide induced a dose-and a time-dependent decrease in cell viability. Isobole analysis revealed that the substances exhibited a synergistic interaction when IC50 and 1/2 IC50 concentrations of curcumin and cyclophosphamide were added concurrently to the cultures. This synergy was characterised by a significant increase in the percentage of early and late apoptotic CMT-U27 and CMT-U309 cells. However, internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA was not observed in the DNA fragmentation assay. Cells treated with curcumin and cyclophosphamide arrested at the G(2)/M and S phases of the cell cycle, respectively. In combined treatments cells were arrested in both phases of the cell cycle. Furthermore, immunocytochemical stainings demonstrated that the curcumin induced apoptosis in CMT cells by the modulation of Bcl-2/Bax protein expression, as the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased and that of Bax increased. This effect was more pronounced in combination treatments. In conclusion, our study shows that a combination of curcumin and cyclophosphamide shows synergistic growth inhibitory activity on CMT cells via induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest accompanied by modulation of Bcl-2/Bax protein expression. This finding provides a molecular basis for the development of natural compounds as novel anticancer agents and will allow lowering the dose of cytotoxic agents, which will in turn lead to more specific and less toxic therapies for mammary cancer in dogs

An in vitro model of early anteroposterior organization during human development

The body plan of the mammalian embryo is shaped through the process of gastrulation, an early developmental event that transforms an isotropic group of cells into an ensemble of tissues that is ordered with reference to three orthogonal axes1. Although model organisms have provided much insight into this process, we know very little about gastrulation in humans, owing to the difficulty of obtaining embryos at such early stages of development and the ethical and technical restrictions that limit the feasibility of observing gastrulation ex vivo2. Here we show that human embryonic stem cells can be used to generate gastruloids-three-dimensional multicellular aggregates that differentiate to form derivatives of the three germ layers organized spatiotemporally, without additional extra-embryonic tissues. Human gastruloids undergo elongation along an anteroposterior axis, and we use spatial transcriptomics to show that they exhibit patterned gene expression. This includes a signature of somitogenesis that suggests that 72-h human gastruloids show some features of Carnegie-stage-9 embryos3. Our study represents an experimentally tractable model system to reveal and examine human-specific regulatory processes that occur during axial organization in early development

Seasonal Occurrence (Phenology) of Coprophilous Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae and Hydrophilidae) from Cattle and Sheep Farms in Southeastern Michigan, USA

Fig. 1. Mean temperature (with maximum and minimum bars) and accumulated precipitation between sampling dates for Adrian, MI from March 2012 to June 2013 and number of beetles (N) sampled on those dates.Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Wassmer, Thomas, 2014, Seasonal Occurrence (Phenology) of Coprophilous Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae and Hydrophilidae) from Cattle and Sheep Farms in Southeastern Michigan, USA, pp. 603-618 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 68 (3)&lt;/i&gt; on page 605, DOI: 10.1649/072.068.0327, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10104163"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/10104163&lt;/a&gt