2,050 research outputs found
Imaging of the unstable plaque: how far have we got?
Rupture of unstable plaques may lead to myocardial infarction or stroke and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in western countries. Thus, there is a clear need for identifying these vulnerable plaques before the rupture occurs. Atherosclerotic plaques are a challenging imaging target as they are small and move rapidly, especially in the coronary tree. Many of the currently available imaging tools for clinical use still provide minimal information about the biological characteristics of plaques, because they are limited with respect to spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, many of these imaging tools are invasive. The new generation of imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear imaging such as positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography, computed tomography, fluorescence imaging, intravascular ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography offer opportunities to overcome some of these limitations. This review discusses the potential of these techniques for imaging the unstable plaqu
The influence of a weak magnetic field in the Renormalization-Group functions of (2+1)-dimensional Dirac systems
The experimental observation of the renormalization of the Fermi velocity
as a function of doping has been a landmark for confirming the
importance of electronic interactions in graphene. Although the experiments
were performed in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field , the
measurements are well described by a renormalization-group (RG) theory that did
not include it. Here we clarify this issue, for both massive and massless Dirac
systems, and show that for the weak magnetic fields at which the experiments
are performed, there is no change in the renormalization-group functions. Our
calculations are carried out in the framework of the Pseudo-quantum
electrodynamics (PQED) formalism, which accounts for dynamical interactions. We
include only the linear dependence in , and solve the problem using two
different parametrizations, the Feynman and the Schwinger one. We confirm the
results obtained earlier within the RG procedure and show that, within linear
order in the magnetic field, the only contribution to the renormalization of
the Fermi velocity arises due to interactions. In addition, for gapped systems,
we observe a running of the mass parameter.Comment: Discussion about the fermionic mass has been added to the previous
versio
Analysis of one- and two-particle spectra at RHIC based on a hydrodynamical model
We calculate the one-particle hadronic spectra and correlation functions of
pions based on a hydrodynamical model. Parameters in the model are so chosen
that the one-particle spectra reproduce experimental results of
GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC. Based on the numerical solution,
we discuss the space-time evolution of the fluid. Two-pion correlation
functions are also discussed. Our numerical solution suggests the formation of
the quark-gluon plasma with large volume and low net baryon density.Comment: LaTeX, 4pages, 4 figures. To appear in the proceedings of Fourth
International Conference on Physics and Astrophysics of Quark-Gluon Plasma
(ICPAQGP-2001), Nov 26-30, 2001, Jaipur, Indi
Nationwide Surveillance of Nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from Children with Respiratory Infection, Switzerland, 1998-1999
The surveillance of pneumococcal antibiotic resistance and serotype distribution is hampered by the relatively low numbers of invasive pneumococcal infections. In Switzerland, a nationwide sentinel surveillance network was used to assess antibiotic resistance and serotype distribution among 1179 pneumococcal isolates cultured from 2769 nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from outpatients with acute otitis media or pneumonia during 1998 and 1999. The proportion of penicillin-susceptible pneumococcal isolates overall (87%) and among infants <2 years old (81%) was comparable to that of invasive isolates (90% and 81%, respectively). The high number of nasopharyngeal isolates allowed for the detection of a rapid increase in the number of penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococcal (PNSP) strains in the West region of Switzerland, partly because of an epidemic caused by the 19F clone of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clustering of risk factors for the carriage of PNSP isolates further explained the geographic variation in resistance rates. The nationwide sentinel surveillance of nasopharyngeal pneumococcus proved to be valuable for the monitoring of antibiotic resistance, risk factors for carriage of PNSP isolates, and serotype distribution and for the detection of the emergence of a new epidemic clon
Evidence of a discontinuous disk structure around the Herbig Ae star HD 139 614
A new class of pre-main sequence objects has been recently identified as
pre-transitional disks. They present near-infrared excess coupled to a flux
deficit at about 10 microns and a rising mid-infrared and far-infrared
spectrum. These features suggest a disk structure with inner and outer dust
components, separated by a dust-depleted region (or gap). We here report on the
first interferometric observations of the disk around the Herbig Ae star HD
139614. Its infrared spectrum suggests a flared disk, and presents
pre-transitional features,namely a substantial near-infrared excess accompanied
by a dip around 6 microns and a rising mid-infrared part. In this framework, we
performed a study of the spectral energy distribution (SED) and the
mid-infrared VLTI/MIDI interferometric data to constrain thespatial structure
of the inner dust disk region and assess its possibly multi-component
structure. We based our work on a temperature-gradient disk model that includes
dust opacity. While we could not reproduce the SED and interferometric
visibilities with a one-component disk, a better agreement was obtained with a
two-component disk model composed of an optically thin inner disk extending
from 0.22 to 2.3 au, a gap, and an outer temperature-gradient disk starting at
5.6 au. Therefore, our modeling favors an extended and optically thin inner
dust component and in principle rules out the possibility that the
near-infrared excess originates only from a spatially confined region.
Moreover, the outer disk is characterized by a very steep temperature profile
and a temperature higher than 300 K at its inner edge. This suggests the
existence of a warm component corresponding to a scenario where the inner edge
of the outer disk is directly illuminated by the central star. This is an
expected consequence of the presence of a gap, thus indicative of a
pre-transitional structure.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figure
Dbl3 drives Cdc42 signaling at the apical margin to regulate junction position and apical differentiation
Epithelial cells develop morphologically characteristic apical domains that are bordered by tight junctions, the apical–lateral border. Cdc42 and its effector complex Par6–atypical protein kinase c (aPKC) regulate multiple steps during epithelial differentiation, but the mechanisms that mediate process-specific activation of Cdc42 to drive apical morphogenesis and activate the transition from junction formation to apical differentiation are poorly understood. Using a small interfering RNA screen, we identify Dbl3 as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is recruited by ezrin to the apical membrane, that is enriched at a marginal zone apical to tight junctions, and that drives spatially restricted Cdc42 activation, promoting apical differentiation. Dbl3 depletion did not affect junction formation but did affect epithelial morphogenesis and brush border formation. Conversely, expression of active Dbl3 drove process-specific activation of the Par6–aPKC pathway, stimulating the transition from junction formation to apical differentiation and domain expansion, as well as the positioning of tight junctions. Thus, Dbl3 drives Cdc42 signaling at the apical margin to regulate morphogenesis, apical–lateral border positioning, and apical differentiation
HD139614: the interferometric case for a group-Ib pre-transitional young disk
The Herbig Ae star HD 139614 is a group-Ib object, which featureless SED
indicates disk flaring and a possible pre-transitional evolutionary stage. We
present mid- and near-IR interferometric results collected with MIDI, AMBER and
PIONIER with the aim of constraining the spatial structure of the 0.1-10 AU
disk region and assess its possible multi-component structure. A two-component
disk model composed of an optically thin 2-AU wide inner disk and an outer
temperature-gradient disk starting at 5.6 AU reproduces well the observations.
This is an additional argument to the idea that group-I HAeBe inner disks could
be already in the disk-clearing transient stage. HD 139614 will become a prime
target for mid-IR interferometric imaging with the second-generation instrument
MATISSE of the VLTI.Comment: SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation conference, June
2014, 11 pages, 7 Figure
ARHGEF18/p114RhoGEF Coordinates PKA/CREB Signaling and Actomyosin Remodeling to Promote Trophoblast Cell-Cell Fusion During Placenta Morphogenesis
Coordination of cell-cell adhesion, actomyosin dynamics and gene expression is crucial for morphogenetic processes underlying tissue and organ development. Rho GTPases are main regulators of the cytoskeleton and adhesion. They are activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. However, the roles of these Rho GTPase activators during complex developmental processes are still poorly understood. ARHGEF18/p114RhoGEF is a tight junction-associated RhoA activator that forms complexes with myosin II, and regulates actomyosin contractility. Here we show that p114RhoGEF/ARHGEF18 is required for mouse syncytiotrophoblast differentiation and placenta development. In vitro and in vivo experiments identify that p114RhoGEF controls expression of AKAP12, a protein regulating protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, and is required for PKA-induced actomyosin remodeling, cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB)-driven gene expression of proteins required for trophoblast differentiation, and, hence, trophoblast cell-cell fusion. Our data thus indicate that p114RhoGEF links actomyosin dynamics and cell-cell junctions to PKA/CREB signaling, gene expression and cell-cell fusion
Inner disk clearing around the Herbig Ae star HD\,139614: Evidence for a planet-induced gap ?
Spatially resolving the inner dust cavity of the transitional disks is a key
to understanding the connection between planetary formation and disk dispersal.
The disk around the Herbig star HD 139614 is of particular interest since it
presents a pretransitional nature with an au-sized gap, in the dust, that was
spatially resolved by mid-IR interferometry. Using new NIR interferometric
observations, we aim to characterize the 0.1-10~au region of the HD~139614 disk
further and identify viable mechanisms for the inner disk clearing. We report
the first multiwavelength radiative transfer modeling of the interferometric
data acquired on HD~139614 with PIONIER, AMBER, and MIDI, complemented by
Herschel/PACS photometries. We confirm a gap structure in the um-sized dust,
extending from about 2.5 au to 6 au, and constrained the properties of the
inner dust component: e.g., a radially increasing surface density profile, and
a depletion of 10^3 relative to the outer disk. Since self-shadowing and
photoevaporation appears unlikely to be responsible for the au-sized gap of
HD~139614, we thus tested if dynamical clearing could be a viable mechanism
using hydrodynamical simulations to predict the gaseous disk structure. Indeed,
a narrow au-sized gap is expected when a single giant planet interacts with the
disk. Assuming that small dust grains are well coupled to the gas, we found
that a ~ 3~Mjup planet located at 4.5 au from the star could, in less than 1
Myr, reproduce most of the aspects of the dust surface density profile, while
no significant depletion in gas occurred in the inner disk, in contrast to the
dust. However, the dust-depleted inner disk could be explained by the expected
dust filtration by the gap and the efficient dust growth/fragmentation in the
inner disk regions. Our results support the hypothesis of a giant planet
opening a gap and shaping the inner region of the HD~139614 disk.Comment: Version accepted in A&A, with typos corrections in the tex
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