Polycrystal model of the mechanical behavior of a Mo-TiC30vol.% metal-ceramic composite using a 3D microstructure map obtained by a dual beam FIB-SEM

The mechanical behavior of a Mo-TiC30 vol.% ceramic-metal composite was investigated over a large temperature range (25^{\circ}C to 700^{\circ}C). High-energy X-ray tomography was used to reveal the percolation of the hard titanium carbide phase through the composite. Using a polycrystal approach for a two-phase material, finite element simulations were performed on a real 3D aggregate of the material. The 3D microstructure, used as starting configuration for the predictions, was obtained by serial-sectioning in a dual beam Focused Ion Beam (FIB)-Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled to an Electron Back Scattering Diffraction system (3D EBSD, EBSD tomography). The 3D aggregate consists of a molybdenum matrix and a percolating TiC skeleton. As most BCC metals, the molybdenum matrix phase is characterized by a change in the plasticity mechanisms with temperature. We used a polycrystal model for the BCC material, which was extended to two phases (TiC and Mo). The model parameters of the matrix were determined from experiments on pure molydenum. For all temperatures investigated, the TiC particles were considered as brittle. Gradual damage of the TiC particles was treated, based on an accumulative failure law that is approximated by an evolution of the apparent particle elastic stiffness. The model enabled us to determine the evolution of the local mechanical fields with deformation and temperature. We showed that a 3D aggregate representing the actual microstructure of the composite is required to understand the local and global mechanical properties of the studied composite

Modelling of the compaction phase during Hot Isostatic Pressing process at the mesoscopic scale

International audienceDuring Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of metal powder, power-law creep is the dominant mechanism during the densification process. However, the understanding of the global impact of the thermo-mechanical boundary conditions and of the powder granulometry on the microstructure obtained after this first mechanism is not straightforward. A finite element methodology based on the use of a level set framework coupled with a remeshing technique is proposed in order to model the viscoplastic deformation of powder particles during HIP at the mesoscopic scale thanks to a Representative Elementary Volume. The methodology consists in generating, in a finite element mesh, a sphere packing of particles by representing implicitly all particles by means of a limited set of level-set functions. Mesh adaptation is also performed at particle boundaries to describe properly the particles and to manage the discontinuity of the physical properties. Such 2D scale mesoscopic densification simulations are presented and discusse

Experimental characterization and mechanical behaviour modelling of Molybdenum -Titanium Carbide composite for high temperature applications.

International audienceSimulations of the elastic-viscoplastic behaviour of ceramic-metal composite, over the temperature range 298-993K, are performed on realistic aggregates built up from Electron Back Scatter Diffraction methods. Physical based constitutive models are developed in order to characterize the deformation behaviour of body centered cubic (bcc) metal and face centered cubic (fcc) ceramic under various temperatures. While the ceramic keeps elastic, the viscoplastic behaviour of the metal part is described with a dislocation - based model, implemented in the finite element code ABAQUS, in order to compute local strain and stress fields during compressive tests. It is shown that the adopted constitutive laws are able to give back local complex experimental evidence on weak points of the microstructure

UV/H2O2 process assessment for disinfection and micropollutant removal in order to reuse water from small wastewater treatment plants

Dans un contexte de raréfaction de la ressource en eau, le traitement des eaux usées peut permettre de constituer des réserves d’eau durables et valorisables pour des usages variés tels que l’irrigation des cultures, la recharge de nappe phréatique ou encore une utilisation directe par les industries grandes consommatrices d’eau (cimenterie, aciéries…). Ainsi, la nécessité d’améliorer le traitement des eaux usées en sortie de STEU devient primordial afin d’assurer une qualité chimique et microbiologique de l’eau compatible avec sa réutilisation. Le traitement des micropolluants constitue notamment un nouveau défi pour les STEU. Si des projets de recyclage des eaux usées émergent pour les grandes STEU, le potentiel des petites ou moyennes STEU, qui constituent près de 90% des installations en France, reste inexploité à l’heure actuelle. Pour y remédier, les procédés d’oxydation avancée, notamment ceux basés sur l’UV, se présentent comme des solutions de traitement prometteuses. L’objectif de cette étude est de démontrer que la technologie UV/H2O2 est efficace et économiquement réaliste pour la désinfection et l’élimination des micropolluants organiques dans ces petites et moyennes STEU. Dans une première phase, un pilote de laboratoire UV/H2O2 a été évalué en conditions réelles (débit, matrice) sur des modèles bactériens et sur des micropolluants estrogéniques (E1, E2 et EE2) dans les eaux usées traitées d’une STEU. L’efficacité du traitement est comparée à celle de la photolyse seule. Il a été montré que le traitement UV/H2O2 permet une amélioration de la désinfection en assurant une destruction des bactéries contrairement à la photolyse seule qui ne fait qu’inactiver les micro-organismes. D’autre part, les doses UV (plus petit 600 mJ/cm²) et les concentrations en H2O2 étudiées (30-50 mg/L d’H2O2) permettent d’abattre plus de 80% de l’ensemble des micropolluants ciblés et de l’activité biologique (estrogénicité) associée, sans former de sous-produits estrogéniques ou toxiques au regard des tests d’activité employés dans l’étude (YES et Vibrio Fisheri). Parallèlement, il a été montré que le procédé UV/H2O2 est également efficace pour éliminer plus de 70% des produits pharmaceutiques (diclofénac, ibuprofène et naproxène) à 1000 mJ/cm². Sur la base des paramètres de traitement établis en pilote de laboratoire, un prototype a été dimensionné pour la STEU de Vercia (filtre planté de roseaux, 1100 EH, Jura). Les conditions de traitement mises en œuvre (dose UV plus pertit 1000 mJ/cm², [H2O2] = 15 mg/L) ont permis d’obtenir une eau de très haute qualité bactériologique et des abattements des micropolluants suivis supérieurs à 90%. Cette expérimentation à échelle réelle a permis d’estimer le coût global de cette technologie à environ 0,28 €/m³. L’ensemble de ce travail de recherche conclue à l’efficacité et au fort potentiel de la technologie UV/H2O2 pour le recyclage des eaux usées traitées des petites et moyennes STEU.Water scarcity is a growing concern worldwide. In this context, treated wastewater is seen as a sustainable water resource which could be used for different purposes such as irrigation, groundwater recharge or industrial activities. Reclaimed water is an environmentally and economically solution, still poorly developed in France. However, an increasing demand is expected in the coming years. Therefore, treatment enhancement in wastewater treatment plant could be necessary in order to meet chemical and biological water quality requirements which will depend on the final use of the treated water. The treatment of emerging micropollutants is one of the new challenge WTP will have to cope with. Enhanced treatment processes (ozonation, activated carbon, membrane filtration) have already been set up in large WTP but small and medium WTP, representing around 90% of the French WTP, are still lacking of affordable treatment solutions. However, UV based advanced oxidation process (AOP) could be a promising technology in order to produce a water of high quality. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that UV/H2O2 process is technically and economically efficient for the disinfection and the removal of micropollutants in small and medium WTP. First of all, a UV/H2O2 pilot at a laboratory scale was assessed on bacterial models as well as estrogenic micropollutants (E1, E2 and EE2) in treated wastewater. Treatment efficiency was compared to UV photolysis. It was shown that UV/H2O2 treatment increased the disinfection process by destroying the cellular membrane integrity whereas the UV photolysis could only inactive the bacteria. Moreover, when combining UV (plus petit 600 mJ/cm²) and H2O2 (30-50 mg/L), above 80% of the estrogenic compounds and the associated estrogenic activity could be removed. No high estrogenic or toxic by-products were detected by the two bioassays used in this study (YES and vibrio fisheri). The UV/H2O2 process could also degrade pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen (>70 % at 1000 mJ/cm²). In a second part, a full scale pilot was designed based on the previous results and set up in a WTP in Vercia (Jura). The treatment (UV fluence ≈ 1000 mJ/cm², [H2O2] = 15 mg/L) allowed to obtain a water of a very high bacteriological and chemical quality. The global cost of the process was estimated at around 0.28 €/m³. This study demonstrates the efficiency of the UV/H2O2 process in a small WTP and its high potential for reclaimed water productio

Etudes expérimentale et numérique du comportement mécanique d'un composite métal – céramique : MoTiC30%

In the scope of refractory materials development for structural applications in the core of the future nuclear reactors, several studies have been developed. The aim of this work is to increase the knowledge of the mechanical behaviour and the damage of the ceramic-metal composite Mo(TiC)x% under the temperature range [25 – 700 °C].The identification of the third phase, formed by diffusion during the sintering step was identified by microstructutal characterization. Experimental study also revealed the percolation of the ceramic particles through the structure.Mechanical tests highlight the main characteristics of the material: the macroscopic behaviour depends on the strain rate on the first hand and the temperature on the other hand. These mechanisms are attributed to the thermally activated behaviour of molybdenum.Simulations have been made on several microstructures considering elastic-brittle inclusion in a viscoelastic matrix. A polycrystalline model was used to simulate the evolution of the mechanical behaviour of the composite. The numerical aggregate, used for the simulation, was built from a 3D reconstruction technique thanks to acquisition of FIB/EBSD/SEM data. The results of the model are in accordance with the experimental results and allow to describe under different temperature: - the plasticity mechanisms of molybdenum, taking into account of the low/high temperature transition;- the damage of titanium carbide and the percolation effects.Dans le cadre du développement des réacteurs de génération IV, de nouvelles études sont menées dans le domaine des matériaux. L'objectif de ce travail est d'améliorer la compréhension du comportement mécanique et de l'endommagement de composites à matrice métallique Mo(TiC)x% contenant une forte fraction volumique de particules, et cela, dans le domaine de températures [25 – 700 °C].La caractérisation microstructurale a permis de comprendre l'histoire du matériau et d'identifier la nature d'une troisième phase (Mo,Ti)C fomée par diffusion du molybdène dans le carbure de titane. L'étude expérimentale a aussi révélé la percolation des particules céramiques au sein de la structure.Les essais mécaniques ont mis en évidence les principales caractéristiques du matériau : le comportement macroscopique dépend à la fois de la vitesse de déformation et de la température. Ces mécanismes sont attribués au comportement thermiquement activé du molybdène.Nous proposons alors diverses simulations de microstructures comprenant des inclusions élastiques-fragiles dans une matrice viscoélastique. L'évolution du comportement mécanique du composite a été modélisée à l'aide d'une approche cristalline sur un agrégat 3D réel. L'agrégat numérique utilisé pour modéliser le comportement mécanique fait appel à une technique de reconstruction 3D via une acquisition par FIB/SEM/EBSD.Ainsi, la réponse du modèle est en bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux et permet de décrire en fonction de la température :- les mécanismes de plasticité du molybdène, en tenant compte de la transition basse/haute température ;- l'endommagement du carbure de titane et les effets de la percolation.    

Evaluation du procédé UV/H2O2 pour la désinfection et l’élimination des micropolluants en vue d’une réutilisation des eaux usées traitées en petites stations d’épuration

Water scarcity is a growing concern worldwide. In this context, treated wastewater is seen as a sustainable water resource which could be used for different purposes such as irrigation, groundwater recharge or industrial activities. Reclaimed water is an environmentally and economically solution, still poorly developed in France. However, an increasing demand is expected in the coming years. Therefore, treatment enhancement in wastewater treatment plant could be necessary in order to meet chemical and biological water quality requirements which will depend on the final use of the treated water. The treatment of emerging micropollutants is one of the new challenge WTP will have to cope with. Enhanced treatment processes (ozonation, activated carbon, membrane filtration) have already been set up in large WTP but small and medium WTP, representing around 90% of the French WTP, are still lacking of affordable treatment solutions. However, UV based advanced oxidation process (AOP) could be a promising technology in order to produce a water of high quality. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that UV/H2O2 process is technically and economically efficient for the disinfection and the removal of micropollutants in small and medium WTP. First of all, a UV/H2O2 pilot at a laboratory scale was assessed on bacterial models as well as estrogenic micropollutants (E1, E2 and EE2) in treated wastewater. Treatment efficiency was compared to UV photolysis. It was shown that UV/H2O2 treatment increased the disinfection process by destroying the cellular membrane integrity whereas the UV photolysis could only inactive the bacteria. Moreover, when combining UV (plus petit 600 mJ/cm²) and H2O2 (30-50 mg/L), above 80% of the estrogenic compounds and the associated estrogenic activity could be removed. No high estrogenic or toxic by-products were detected by the two bioassays used in this study (YES and vibrio fisheri). The UV/H2O2 process could also degrade pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen (>70 % at 1000 mJ/cm²). In a second part, a full scale pilot was designed based on the previous results and set up in a WTP in Vercia (Jura). The treatment (UV fluence ≈ 1000 mJ/cm², [H2O2] = 15 mg/L) allowed to obtain a water of a very high bacteriological and chemical quality. The global cost of the process was estimated at around 0.28 €/m³. This study demonstrates the efficiency of the UV/H2O2 process in a small WTP and its high potential for reclaimed water productionDans un contexte de raréfaction de la ressource en eau, le traitement des eaux usées peut permettre de constituer des réserves d’eau durables et valorisables pour des usages variés tels que l’irrigation des cultures, la recharge de nappe phréatique ou encore une utilisation directe par les industries grandes consommatrices d’eau (cimenterie, aciéries…). Ainsi, la nécessité d’améliorer le traitement des eaux usées en sortie de STEU devient primordial afin d’assurer une qualité chimique et microbiologique de l’eau compatible avec sa réutilisation. Le traitement des micropolluants constitue notamment un nouveau défi pour les STEU. Si des projets de recyclage des eaux usées émergent pour les grandes STEU, le potentiel des petites ou moyennes STEU, qui constituent près de 90% des installations en France, reste inexploité à l’heure actuelle. Pour y remédier, les procédés d’oxydation avancée, notamment ceux basés sur l’UV, se présentent comme des solutions de traitement prometteuses. L’objectif de cette étude est de démontrer que la technologie UV/H2O2 est efficace et économiquement réaliste pour la désinfection et l’élimination des micropolluants organiques dans ces petites et moyennes STEU. Dans une première phase, un pilote de laboratoire UV/H2O2 a été évalué en conditions réelles (débit, matrice) sur des modèles bactériens et sur des micropolluants estrogéniques (E1, E2 et EE2) dans les eaux usées traitées d’une STEU. L’efficacité du traitement est comparée à celle de la photolyse seule. Il a été montré que le traitement UV/H2O2 permet une amélioration de la désinfection en assurant une destruction des bactéries contrairement à la photolyse seule qui ne fait qu’inactiver les micro-organismes. D’autre part, les doses UV (plus petit 600 mJ/cm²) et les concentrations en H2O2 étudiées (30-50 mg/L d’H2O2) permettent d’abattre plus de 80% de l’ensemble des micropolluants ciblés et de l’activité biologique (estrogénicité) associée, sans former de sous-produits estrogéniques ou toxiques au regard des tests d’activité employés dans l’étude (YES et Vibrio Fisheri). Parallèlement, il a été montré que le procédé UV/H2O2 est également efficace pour éliminer plus de 70% des produits pharmaceutiques (diclofénac, ibuprofène et naproxène) à 1000 mJ/cm². Sur la base des paramètres de traitement établis en pilote de laboratoire, un prototype a été dimensionné pour la STEU de Vercia (filtre planté de roseaux, 1100 EH, Jura). Les conditions de traitement mises en œuvre (dose UV plus pertit 1000 mJ/cm², [H2O2] = 15 mg/L) ont permis d’obtenir une eau de très haute qualité bactériologique et des abattements des micropolluants suivis supérieurs à 90%. Cette expérimentation à échelle réelle a permis d’estimer le coût global de cette technologie à environ 0,28 €/m³. L’ensemble de ce travail de recherche conclue à l’efficacité et au fort potentiel de la technologie UV/H2O2 pour le recyclage des eaux usées traitées des petites et moyennes STEU

Treatment of pharmaceuticals by UV/H2O2 process in small wastewater treatment plants: a reed bed constructed wetland case study

International audienc

UV photolysis and UV/H2O2 photolysis processes for estrogens removal in water

International audienceThis study aimed at investigating the degradation of a mixture of estrogenic hormones (Estrone (E1), β-Estradiol (E2), and 17α-Ethinyl Estradiol (EE2)) in water by UV photolysis and UV/H₂O₂ photolysis. Firstly, the effects of water matrices (drinking water and treated wastewater) and H₂O₂ concentrations (10, 40, and 90 mg/L) were determined. The hormones were added in a UVC (λ=254 nm) pilot system running in semi-batch. Hormones degradation rates were measured by HPLC-UV. Secondly, a single concentration of H₂O₂ (20 mg/L) was tested in order to optimize oxidant cost. Hormones degradation rates as well as changes in estrogenic activity, measured by Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES), were followed at the same time. First results showed negligible degradation of E2 and EE2 by UV photolysis in both matrices. High UV fluences were needed to degrade 80% of E1 in drinking water (1300 mJ/cm²) and treated wastewater (1800 mJ/cm²). All hormones degradation rates were significantly improved in both water matrices at H2O2 concentration as low as 10mg/L. UV fluence of 400 mJ/cm² and 90mg/L of H₂O₂ would enable to remove 80% of all hormones in treated wastewater. Water quality could highly influence the treatment efficiency as shown by higher UV fluences required to reach the same result in treated wastewater than in drinking water. Estogenic activity, measured by YES bioassay, could not be removed by UV photolysis whereas it decreased in the same trend than E2 and EE2 removal rate when combining UV and 20 mg/L of H₂O₂. No high estrogenic by-products were formed. These results pointed out that estrogens removal can be highly enhanced by UV/H₂O₂ photolysis in drinking water and treated wastewater. By combining the approriate concentration of H₂O₂ and UV fluence, it would be possible to design a cost effective treatment for small and midlle sized WTPs