Les femmes et l’approche du Buen Vivir en Bolivie : entre l’absence et l’émergence

Au début du XXIe siècle, le gouvernement bolivien a redonné une place prépondérante au mode de vie indigène, s’inspirant de l’approche du Buen Vivir, posée comme une alternative au paradigme dominant du développement. Cette approche a été constitutionnalisée et promue auprès des citoyens. Qu’en est-il de la situation des femmes dans ce contexte ? Selon le vocabulaire de B. de Sousa Santos, les Boliviennes indigènes constituent des « absences » dans l’« émergence » qu’est le Buen Vivir. Utilisant l’approche de la géographie féministe, nous avons interrogé des femmes expertes ainsi que des indigènes. Nous avons recueilli leur point de vue sur les répercussions des politiques gouvernementales et de la résurgence du Buen Vivir.At the beginning of the XXIe century, the Bolivian government gave a prominent place to the indigenous lifestyle, inspired by the Buen Vivir approach. This approach was raised as an alternative to the dominant western paradigm of development. It was constitutionalized and promoted as a way of life in Bolivia. What is the place of women in this new context? According to B. de Sousa Santos, Bolivian indigenous women are ’absent’ from the ’emergent’ approach which is the Buen Vivir. From a feminist geography perspective, we met Bolivian women, professionals as well as indigenous, and we asked them about the repercussions of the implementation of Buen Vivir on their lives

Pelagic population dynamics of Aurelia sp in French Mediterranean lagoons

The pelagic dynamics of the cosmopolitan scyphozoan Aurelia sp. was investigated in three French Mediterranean lagoons, Thau, Berre and Bages-Sigean, which harbour resident populations. The annual cycles showed a common univoltine pattern in all lagoons where the presence of pelagic stages in the water column lasted similar to 8 months. Field observations showed a release of ephyrae in winter time followed by pronounced growth between April and July, when individuals reached the largest sizes, before disappearing from the water column. Maximum abundance of ephyrae and medusae were registered in Thau. Medusae abundance attained a maximum of 331 ind 100 m(-3) in Thau, 18 ind 100 m(-3) in Berre and 7 ind 100 m(-3) in Bages-Sigean lagoons. Temperature and zooplankton abundance appeared as leading factors of growth, where Bages-Sigean showed the population with higher growth rates (2.66 mm day(-1)) and maximum size (32 cm), followed by Thau (0.57-2.56 mm day(-1); 22.4 cm) and Berre (1.57-2.22 mm day(-1); 17 cm). The quantification of environmental windows used by the species showed wider ranges than previously reported in the Mediterranean Sea, which suggests a wide ecological plasticity of Aurelia spp. populations in north-western Mediterranean lagoons.GELAMED project; Total foundation [189 - "Recherche" 18902 C]; EC2CO "Ecosphere Continentale et Cotiere" programme through the DYNAMO project; OSU-OREM

Testing the efficacy of medium chain fatty acids against rabbit colibacillosis

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) represents a major cause of lethal diarrhea in young mammals. Although the pathogenicity mechanisms of EPEC are now well understood, the intrinsic and environmental factors that control the expression of EPEC virulence remain largely unknown. In the rabbit, suckling reduces pups’ sensitivity to EPEC infection. Hence, we have hypothesized that uncharacterized factors present in doemilkmay mediate this protection. Medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), known to possess antimicrobial properties, are highly abundant in doe milk.We demonstrate that caprylic acid exhibits a clear bacteriostatic effect in vitro against the rabbit EPEC strain E22 (O103:H2:K-), in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, the dietary inclusion of triglycerides of MCFA did not however reduce the sensitivity of young rabbits challenged with this EPEC strain. The mortality and fecal excretion of EPEC were not reduced, and the bacterial adhesion to ileum was not inhibited. Amount of MCFA reaching the ileal level might have been too low and/or their association to other milk antimicrobials may have been required to observe a positive effect on disease evolution in a context of a highly virulent challenge

Integrating heterogeneous information within a social network for detecting communities

International audienceAttributed graphs can be described using two dimensions: first a structural dimension that contains the social graph, e.g. the actors and the relationships between them, and second a compositional dimension describing the actors, e.g. their profile, their textual publications, the metadata of the videos they share, etc. Each of these dimensions can be used to explain different phenomena occurring on the social network, whether from a connectivity or an thematic perspective. This paper claims that the integration of both dimensions would allow researchers to analyze real social networks from different perspectives. We present here a novel approach to the community detection problem with the integration of the two dimensions composing an attributed graph. We show how to integrate but also how to control the integration of two different partitions, one based on the links, the other one based on the attributes. The resulting partition exhibits interesting properties, such as dense and homogeneous groups of actors, revealing new types of communities to the analyst. Because we use a contingency matrix, and because the analyst may invent new ways of combining rows and columns, we open new perspectives for the exploration of attributed social networks

Current state-of-the-art and gaps in platform trials:10 things you should know, insights from EU-PEARL

Platform trials bring the promise of making clinical research more efficient and more patient centric. While their use has become more widespread, including their prominent role during the COVID-19 pandemic response, broader adoption of platform trials has been limited by the lack of experience and tools to navigate the critical upfront planning required to launch such collaborative studies. The European Union-Patient-cEntric clinicAl tRial pLatform (EU-PEARL) initiative has produced new methodologies to expand the use of platform trials with an overarching infrastructure and services embedded into Integrated Research Platforms (IRPs), in collaboration with patient representatives and through consultation with U.S. Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency stakeholders. In this narrative review, we discuss the outlook for platform trials in Europe, including challenges related to infrastructure, design, adaptations, data sharing and regulation. Documents derived from the EU-PEARL project, alongside a literature search including PubMed and relevant grey literature (e.g., guidance from regulatory agencies and health technology agencies) were used as sources for a multi-stage collaborative process through which the 10 more important points based on lessons drawn from the EU-PEARL project were developed and summarised as guidance for the setup of platform trials. We conclude that early involvement of critical stakeholder such as regulatory agencies or patients are critical steps in the implementation and later acceptance of platform trials. Addressing these gaps will be critical for attaining the full potential of platform trials for patients. Funding: Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking with support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA.</p

The Cardiomyopathy Registry of the EURObservational Research Programme of the European Society of Cardiology: Baseline data and contemporary management of adult patients with cardiomyopathies

Aims The Cardiomyopathy Registry of the EURObservational Research Programme is a prospective, observational, and multinational registry of consecutive patients with four cardiomyopathy subtypes: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). We report the baseline characteristics and management of adults enrolled in the registry. Methods and results A total of 3208 patients were enrolled by 69 centres in 18 countries [HCM (n = 1739); DCM (n = 1260); ARVC (n = 143); and RCM (n = 66)]. Differences between cardiomyopathy subtypes (P < 0.001) were observed for age at diagnosis, history of familial disease, history of sustained ventricular arrhythmia, use of magnetic resonance imaging or genetic testing, and implantation of defibrillators. When compared with probands, relatives had a lower age at diagnosis (P < 0.001), but a similar rate of symptoms and defibrillators. When compared with the Long-Term phase, patients of the Pilot phase (enrolled in more expert centres) had a more frequent rate of familial disease (P < 0.001), were more frequently diagnosed with a rare underlying disease (P < 0.001), and more frequently implanted with a defibrillator (P = 0.023). Comparing four geographical areas, patients from Southern Europe had a familial disease more frequently (P < 0.001), were more frequently diagnosed in the context of a family screening (P < 0.001), and more frequently diagnosed with a rare underlying disease (P < 0.001). Conclusion By providing contemporary observational data on characteristics and management of patients with cardiomyopathies, the registry provides a platform for the evaluation of guideline implementation. Potential gaps with existing recommendations are discussed as well as some suggestions for improvement of health care provision in Europe. © The Author 2017

Association Between Common Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Clinical Phenotype in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy From the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) EurObservational Research Programme (EORP) Cardiomyopathy/Myocarditis Registry

The interaction between common cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is poorly studied. We sought to explore the relation between CVRF and the clinical characteristics of patients with HCM enrolled in the EURObservational Research Programme (EORP) Cardiomyopathy registry.1739 patients with HCM were studied. The relation between hypertension (HT), diabetes (DM), body mass index (BMI) and clinical traits was analyzed. Analyses were stratified according to the presence or absence of a pathogenic variant in a sarcomere gene.The prevalence of HT, DM and obesity (Ob) was 37%, 10%, and 21%, respectively. HT, DM and Ob were associated with older age (p<0.001), less family history of HCM (HT and DM p<0.001), higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) class (p<0.001), atrial fibrillation (HT and DM p<0.001; Ob p = 0.03) and LV (left ventricular) diastolic dysfunction (HT and Ob p<0.001; DM p = 0.003). Stroke was more frequent in HT (p<0.001) and mutation-positive patients with DM (p = 0.02). HT and Ob were associated with higher provocable LV outflow tract gradients (HT p<0.001, Ob p = 0.036). LV hypertrophy was more severe in Ob (p = 0.018). HT and Ob were independently associated with NYHA class (OR 1.419, p = 0.017 and OR 1.584, p = 0.004, respectively). Other associations, including a higher proportion of females in HT and of systolic dysfunction in HT and Ob, were observed only in mutation-positive patients.Common CVRF are associated with a more severe HCM phenotype, suggesting a proactive management of CVRF should be promoted. An interaction between genotype and CVRF was observed for some traits

Identification of a missense mutation in the MADS-box gene VviAGL11 responsible for table grape seedlessness

Trabajo presentado a la XXIII Reunión Bianual de la Sociedad Española de Fisiología Vegetal y al XVI Congreso Hispano-Luso de Fisiología Vegetal, celebrados en Pamplona (España) del 26 al 28 de junio de 2019

Lessons From 20 Years of Studies of Wheat Genotypes in Multiple Environments and Under Contrasting Production Systems

Identifying opportunities and limitations for closing yield gaps is essential for setting right the efforts dedicated to improve germplasm and agronomic practices. This study analyses genotypes × environments interaction (G × E), genetic progress, and grain yield stability under contrasting production systems. For this, we analyzed datasets obtained from three Swiss trial-networks of winter wheat that were designed to evaluate genotypes under organic farming conditions, conventional management with low-inputs (150 kg nitrogen (N) ha−1 with no fungicide application) and conventional management with high-inputs (170 kg N ha−1 with fungicide application). The datasets covered the periods from 1998 to 2018 for organic and conventional management with low-inputs and from 2008 to 2018 for conventional management with high-inputs. The trial-networks evaluated each year an average of 36 winter wheat genotypes that included released varieties, advanced breeding lines, and lines for registration and post-registration in Switzerland. We investigated within each trial-network the influence of years, genotypes, environments and their interactions on the total variance in grain yield and grain N concentration using variance components analyses. We further applied mixed models with regression features to dissect genetic components due to breeding efforts from non-genetic components. The genotype as a single factor or as a factor interacting with the environment or the year (G × E, G × year, and G × E × year) explained 13% (organic), 20% (conventional low-inputs), and 24% (conventional high-inputs) of the variance in grain yield, while the corresponding values for grain N concentration were 29%, 25%, and 32%. Grain yield has stagnated since 1990 for conventional systems while the trend under organic management was slightly negative. The dissection of a genetic component from the grain yield trends under conventional management showed that genetic improvements contributed with 0.58 and 0.68 t ha−1 y−1 with low- and high- inputs, respectively. In contrast, a significant genetic source in the grain yield trend under organic management was not detected. Therefore, breeding efforts have been less effective on the wheat productivity for organic farming conditions than for conventional ones