What were considered to be good books in the time of popular enlightenment? The view of philanthropists compared to the view of a farmer

The enlightenment movement in Denmark - Norway had a practical/rational orientation, but was also religiously motivated. Towards the end of the 18th Century a new genre of book was established: enlightenment books, intended for the common man and woman. The farmer Gunder Knutsen Løvsland acquired many of these. In total he had a collection of more than 160 books. At the time attitudes still differed in terms of what farmers should be reading. Many expressed concern that if farmers were given too much knowledge, they might no longer wish to be farmers. On the other hand some of the philanthropists claimed that farmers should have access to more varied and comprehensive knowledge. The Danish Agricultural Society shared this view and compiled a list of books suitable for farmers. This article reviews Gunder Løvslands book collection and discusses similarities and differences between his books and the Agricultural Society’s selection of books. There is extensive concurrence of what constituted good books (i.e. they are useful), however, there are also differences. The philanthropists did not believe that political or socially critical books were appropriate for the common man. Gunder’s book collection shows that the philanthropists probably underestimated the interest of the general public in such literature

Valuation of Statoil ASA

Master's thesis in Applied financeExecutive Summary The oil and gas market has in recent years been exposed to greater instability and price fluctuates due to various events on the supply side. Climate concerns and the declining costs of alternative energy solutions has also raised uncertainty of the future demand for oil and gas. Statoil ASA is a Norwegian multinational energy company, and by revenue, among one of the world’s largest oil and gas companies. This implies that Statoil`s value will be dependent on future prices for oil and gas. Even though the company has announced that it will aim to become a broader energy company in the years to come. Considering this current business environment, the purpose of this thesis is to estimate Statoil`s equity value in order to compare it with the current market value. The problem statement of this thesis is defined as follows: What is the per-share equity value for Statoil ASA? To answer the problem statement, share price estimates was found by using the intrinsic, and relative valuation approach. The intrinsic approach was based on the discounted free cash flows of the firm and resulted in a share price estimate of 28.2 USD. However, further analysis indicates that this estimate is very sensitive to changes in the assumptions for future growth and the cost of capital. Alternative scenarios for oil and gas prices was also explored in order to observe for changes in the share price estimate. Key findings indicated, not surprisingly, that Statoil is indeed exposed to the future price levels of its main selling commodities. Although, this analysis also revealed an almost zero downside for Statoil`s current market value in a scenario where the world is able to fulfill the objectives of the Paris Agreement. Various multiples where used in the relative valuation approach. The results indicated wide spreads for the share price estimates. Although, the median value of 33 USD for all multiples suggests the same as the value found by the main case in the fundamental approach. The stock is currently being undervalued by the market

Leseferdighet og skolevesen 1740-1830 pietister, "potetprester" og et ungt norsk Storting

At leseferdigheten blant folk flest økte markant på 1700-tallet, har flere årsaker. I denne artikkelen vil jeg særlig fokusere på innsatsen til to aktørgrupper: Pietistene, som spilte en viktig rolle i første halvdel av århundret, og opplysningsprestene, som sto sentralt mot slutten av århundret. Begge grupper så på skolesatsing som et viktig virkemiddel. Artikkelen vil konsentrere seg om tre historiske faser: Først innføringen av den obligatoriske allmueskolen 1739/41, deretter biskop Peder Hansens utvikling av skolevesenet i Kristiansands stift rundt 1800, og til slutt det norske Stortings arbeid med en ny norsk skolelov, endelig vedtatt i 1827. Allmuens leseferdighet vil være den røde tråden gjennom artikkelen

A subjective load monitoring profile: A case study on an elite woman`s football team

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to present a subjective load monitoring profile from two consecutive seasons from one Norwegian elite women’s football team. METHODS: One elite women’s football team (n=26) playing in the highest level in Norway was monitored for two consecutive seasons (2020 and 2021). Both seasons was divided in pre-season, in season part one (P1) and in-season part two (P2). Borg`s rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scaled 1-10 and duration of training was answered after each training/match. By multiplying RPE and duration, sessional rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) was used as a metric for training load. Wellness metrics answered before training/match based on Hooper Index to present training response and other stressors (fatigue, soreness, stress, sleep quality and mood) scaled 1-5. Sleep duration (h) and readiness scaled 1-10 was also included. RESULTS: There was a difference in both seasons in sRPE between pre-season and P1 (ES= 0.27 and 0.25) and P1 and P2 (ES= -0.26 and -0.22). There was a negative correlation in sRPE with readiness (p≤ 0.05) during all periods/seasons except pre-season in 2021. With fatigue and soreness (p≤ 0.05) during pre-season 2021 and P1 in both seasons. CONCLUSION: Training load during pre-season show typical patterns of periodization, whereas loads during in-season was more varied and tactically influenced. sRPE show associations with readiness, soreness and fatigue. Whereas a potential dose-response relationship between training load and wellness and within wellness metrics should be further investigated. KEY WORDS: Elite women’s football, periodization, load monitoring, sRPE, wellnes

Planetary Citizenship: Environmental Thinking in Postmodernist Science Fiction by Kurt Vonnegut and Ursula K. Le Guin

This master’s thesis aims to frame Kurt Vonnegut and Ursula K. Le Guin as environmental thinkers. With climate change becoming an evermore visible treat, this thesis aims to look at how science fiction can provide a useful perspective on environmental issues and give readers a new perspective to approach these issues. More specifically, it aims to conceptualize the term planetary citizenship and explore how both Vonnegut’s Galápagos (1985) and Le Guin’s The Dispossessed: An Ambiguous Utopia (1974) are prompting readers to reconceptualise their idea of what it means to be a citizen. In working with planetary citizenship and engaging with environmental themes and ideas that have been picked up by critics, the thesis aims to lay out how these authors are thinking about environmental issues in their work in the beginning of the environmental movement. It argues that Vonnegut and Le Guin are both environmental thinkers and that their work prompts readers to reconceptualise their idea of citizenship in a way that will help thinking about climate change and other environmental issues by contextualizing the implications of these issues. It builds upon the current critical interest in Vonnegut and Le Guin to explore the environmental themes and ideas that have been discussed in their work. Further on, uses close reading of the texts to find evidence of their environmental thinking beyond what the critics have explored. The thesis concludes that both Vonnegut and Le Guin are thinking in terms of a planetary citizenship based on findings in Galápagos and The Dispossessed. Because the narratives are dealing with entire planets and the human species as a whole, it shows how the narratives have a planetary perspective that includes both the human and the non-human. The thesis shows how science fiction is a good genre for discussing environmental issues and it gives readers a new perspective to how to consider themselves a citizen of the planet. The thesis demonstrates how thinking in terms of a planetary citizenship is a useful tool in analysing environmental literature and science fiction

An epidemiological study on the associations between preeclampsia exposure, growth and physical activity in preschool age and subsequent allergy, asthma and lung function in late childhood

Background An adverse intrauterine environment may affect offspring immunology, including allergies, asthma and lung function, as well as offspring metabolism, including growth and development. A few studies have been reported on the associations between preeclampsia and these outcomes, but they have shown conflicting results. Furthermore, a possible association between childhood excessive weight/obesity and physical activity with allergies, asthma and lung function has been suggested, but, again, previous studies show conflicting results, and few longitudinal studies exist. Objectives (1) To study the associations of preeclampsia exposure with atopic sensitization, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, asthma and lung function in late childhood. (2) To study the associations of preeclampsia exposure with length/height, weight and body mass index (BMI) at several ages from birth to late childhood and waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and skinfolds in late childhood. (3) To study the associations of weight-related anthropometric measurements at several ages from birth to late childhood and physical activity with allergies and asthma in late childhood. (4) To study the associations of weight-related anthropometric measurements at several ages from birth to late childhood with lung function in late childhood. Methods In a nested case control study, 229 children were exposed to preeclampsia (mild/moderate: n = 164, severe: n = 54, unknown severity: n = 11) and 385 were unexposed. Length/height were abstracted from medical records at birth, 3 and 6 months, 1 and 4 years, and measured along with waist circumference and skinfolds at 10.8 years (girls), 11.8 years (boys) and 12.8 years (both genders). Questionnaires on maternal and child data were administered to the mothers when the children were at the age of 10.8/11.8 years (girls/boys) and to the children at the age of 12.8 years (both genders). Specific IgE in serum and lung function were measured at the age of 12.8 years (both genders). Multiple regression analyses were performed to analyse the associations of mother’s preeclampsia, child weight, child BMI, and childhood physical activity with childhood growth, atopic sensitization, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis and lung function. Results Severe preeclampsia exposure was associated with high-level atopic sensitization (sum of specific IgE in serum 2: 3.9 kU/l; the lower quartile of all sensitized children in the study) and with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in the offspring. We did not find any association of preeclampsia with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis or lung function. In boys, mild/moderate preeclampsia exposure was positively associated with length/height after 0.5 years; however, severe preeclampsia exposure was negatively associated with length/height at all ages. In girls, preeclampsia was negatively associated with length/height until 12 years of age. In both genders, preeclampsia exposure was in general negatively associated with weight and BMI during infancy and early childhood, but the association became positive in later childhood, except that for boys exposed to severe preeclampsia the negative association remained throughout childhood. Severe preeclampsia exposure was positively associated with waist-to-height ratio at 10.8/11.8 (girls/boys) years of age. We did not find any associations of preeclampsia exposure with skinfolds or waist circumference. BMI at 1 year of age and low physical activity at 3–6 years of age were positively associated with atopic sensitization at 12.8 years of age. Change in BMI from 1 to 4 years, BMI at 4 years and high physical activity at 6–10 years of age were positively associated with ever being diagnosed with atopic dermatitis at the age of 10.8/11.8 years (girls/boys). Low physical activity at 3–6 and 6–10 years of age were positively associated with ever being diagnosed with asthma at the age of 10.8/11.8 years (girls/boys). We did not find any associations of weight, BMI and physical activity with ever being diagnosed with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis at the age of 10.8/11.8 years (girls/boys), and current asthma at the age of 12.8 years (both genders), nor did we find any non-straight-line associations of the predictors with any of the outcomes of atopic sensitization, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis or asthma. Birthweight and BMI at different ages throughout childhood were positively associated with forced vital capacity in percent of predicted (FVC %) and forced expiratory volume in the first second of predicted (FEV1 %) at 12.8 years of age. BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and skinfolds at 12.8 years of age and the change in BMI from early to late childhood were positively associated with FVC % and FEV1 % and negatively associated with FEV1/FVC and forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of FVC/FVC. Interaction analyses showed that positive associations between anthropometrics other than BMI and lung function were mostly present in girls. Inverse U-shaped associations were found between BMI at the ages of 10.8/11.8 (girls/boys) and 12.8 years (both genders) and FVC % and FEV1 % at 12.8 years of age. Conclusions Preeclampsia exposure was positively associated with atopic sensitization and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in late childhood, but not with atopic dermatitis, asthma or lung function. From birth to adolescence, length/height, weight and BMI trajectories differed between the genders depending on the severity of preeclampsia exposure. In general, preeclampsia exposure was negatively associated with length/height, and in girls positively associated with weight and BMI. BMI and physical activity in early childhood were positively associated with atopic sensitization, atopic dermatitis and asthma in late childhood. Body composition through childhood may influence lung function in late childhood, which may be physiological or associated with air flow limitation. Non-straight-line associations suggest a differential impact on lung function in normal-weighted and overweight children. Our results suggest that foetal life is a particularly sensitive period for subsequent growth and development of the immune system, and that growth during childhood may further influence allergic disease and lung function in late childhood. Understanding the impact of early life risk factors may enable preventing the development of allergic disease and unfavourable lung function and promote healthy growth

Presidential Succession and Disability

Background: Recent research in a large cohort of women showed that coffee consumption is not associated with increased risk of fracture. Whether this is the case also among men is less clear. Methods: In the Cohort of Swedish Men (COSM) study, 42,978 men aged 45-79 years old at baseline in 1997 answered a self-administered food frequency questionnaire covering coffee consumption and a medical and lifestyle questionnaire covering potential confounders. Our main outcomes first fracture at any site and first hip fracture were collected from the National Patient Registry in Sweden. The association between coffee consumption and fracture risk was investigated using Cox's proportional hazards regression. Results: During a mean follow-up of 11.2 years, 5,066 men had a first fracture at any site and of these, 1,186 (23%) were hip fractures. There was no association between increasing coffee consumption (per 200 ml) and rate of any fracture (hazard ratio [HR] 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99-1.02) or hip fracture (HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.99-1.06) after adjustment for potential confounders. For men consuming >= 4 cups of coffee/day compared to those consuming <1 cup of coffee/day, HR for any type of fracture was 0.91 (95% CI 0.80-1.02) and for hip fracture: 0.89 (95% CI 0.70-1.14). Conclusions: High coffee consumption was not associated with an increased risk of fractures in this large cohort of Swedish men

Hvordan påvirker digitalisering serveringsbransjen?

Serveringsbransjen er en stor del av den globale økonomien, men kanskje i større grad har serveringsbransjen stor effekt på vårt sosiale liv. Bransjen er kjent for lite profitt og høye kostnader, det er nemlig helt andre grunner for at noen velger å starte eller jobbe for ett serveringssted og det er menneksket og dens lidenskap for faget. Serveringsbransjen har operert med manuelle løsninger i hundrevis av år, dagens teknologi er i ferd med å endre dette. Fremtidens restauranter blir påvirket av ny teknologi om vi liker det eller ei. Det finnes utallige potensielle problemstillinger når det gjelder digitaliseringens påvirkning. Serveringsbransjen har tidligere vert tilbaketrukne når det gjelder å ta i bruk ny digital teknologi som påvirker og endrer rutiner og arbeidsoppgaver, men året 2020 tok dette en rask vending. I likehet med resten av verden ble også Norge rammet av pandemien Covid-19. Pandemien har gått sterkt utover serveringbransjen da det er viktig å unngå smitte. I en bransje der alt handler om å være sosial og ha mennesklig kontakt har pandemien ført til at serveringsbransjen har vert nødt for å finne løsninger som kan hjelpe de gjennom krisen. Det er teknologi som viste seg å være løsningen. Denne oppgaven går i dybden for å utforske problemstillingen « Hvordan påvirker digitalsiering serveringsbransjen?» . Resultatet i studien viser at digitalisering påvirker serveringbransjen med digitale verktøy og teknologi som bli anvendt i den daglige driften. Digitalisering har påvirket både positivt og negativt. Vi kan se at effektivitet og produktivitet gir økt omsetning mens kompetansenivå på servitører og bartendere står i fare.The restaurant and bar industry is a big part of our global economy, but it has even bigger impact on our social life. The industry is known for low profit and high costs, so there is obviously other reasons why people choose to work in this industry and that’s the human interactions and their passion for the industry. The restaurant and bar industry has been operating with manual solutions for hundreds of years, to days new technology is about to change that. The future restaurants and bars will be affected by new technology even if we like it or not. We have countless issues when it comes to the impact of digitalization. The industry has held back when it comes to adopt new technology that affects changing the routines and work tasks, but in 2020 this took a drastic turn. Similar to the rest of the world, Norway also got hit by the global pandemic Covid-19. The pandemic has affected the restaurants and bars. We have to reduce human contact to avoid infections. In an Industry where almost everything is about human contact and socialization the pandemic has forced the industry to think new and find new solutions that can help them through the crisis. Technology seems to be the answer. In this study we will dig deeper in to the chosen issue “ How does digitalization affect the restaurant and bar indusrty?” . The results in the study shows that digitalization in the restaurant and bar indusrty is affected by digital tools and technology wich is used in the daily operations. Digitalization has positive and negative impact on the industry. We can see that technology increases the effenciency and the productivity and give the company increased income, but competence of the waitors and bartenders are in danger