Application of Trip Generation Models for Urban Transport Planning In a Data Scarce Developing Country City: The Case of Dar es Salaam

With the increase in travel demand and traffic management problems in many developingcountries cities, travel demand forecasting models are being employed increasingly tomake informed decisions about the operational improvements to the existing transportationsystem and the design and performance of future transportation systems. The mainadvantage of using travel demand forecasting models for such purposes is that they arecapable of capturing the interactive effects of different components of the system understudy. However, for some time now there have been concerns about the application oftransport planning models in developing countries. The concerns have been mainly inrelation to the variables, coefficients and models borrowed from developed countries. Thispaper first discusses the characteristics of transport problems in developing cities andprovides a review of trip generation modelling approaches. Then, the discussion extendsfurther to cover available data for urban transport planning and trip generation modelsthat have found application in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The paper concludes byhighlighting how available data sources and trip generation modelling approach can beimproved to cope with the dynamic conditions in Dar es Salaam

Avoiding the Dutch disease: Political settlement and institutional development in Kenya

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Petroleum is undoubtedly one of the most valuable commodities in the world with an annual production worth billions of dollars, and an attempt to relate it to the slow economic performance of a country may seem far-fetched. Studies on sub-Saharan countries that produce oil have often viewed the country’s ability to govern oil from an institutionalist lens. This Thesis aims to explore the governance and management of oil resources in African states since this is the focal point between the oil-rich countries and the international community. By using a political settlement framework, I seek to further the “resource curse” discourse by challenging the new institutionalist theory which fails to adequately address the Dutch disease problem. I compare the political settlement between Ghana and Kenya and explore the dynamics of power and politics and how this relationship shapes the functionality of institutions. My analysis of the current political settlement in Kenya that is dynamic in nature, suggests that acceptable levels of elite commitment and bureaucratic capability are unlikely to be reached hence making Kenya prone to the Dutch Disease

CASE STUDY INCREASING ACESS TO HEALTHCARE AMONG PERSONS WITH MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS IN ZANZIBAR

The abstract is a case study highlighting initiatives designed by the ZanzibarPsychiatric Association (ZPA) to serve persons with mental disorders (MHDs) confinedindoors. The purpose of the program was to increase access to healthcare among confinedMHDs. This was achieved through conducting outreach programs aimed at communityawareness creation on MHDs, providing first aids to the patients and referring to the MHDsdesigned hospitals. Moreover, the program focused on advocating for increased local healthbudget prioritizing on mental health. A total of 63 patients reached and provided with firstaids and referred to the hospital, meanwhile 200 people form the community were educatedon MHDs. Limited funding to operationalize interventions fueled by increased demands aresome of the key challenges. We urge like-minded partners to join hands in our initiatives inproviding experts, technical advises and other resources so that we can scale-up interventionsin Zanzibar

Показники кредитних активів та вразливість комерційного банку у Кенії

Purpose. To test the predictive ability of loan asset indicators on Commercial bank fragility in Kenya.  Design/Method/Research approach. The study adopted positivism research philosophy with exploratory research design. The study population was 42 Commercial banks in operation on 31st December 2015. Secondary data was collected from Central Bank of Kenya and analysed using Stata Statistics/Data analysis. Generalised Linear Model was used to establish the relationship between asset indicators and bank fragility. The concept of credit creation was explored as the genesis of bank fragility. This study is part of early warning systems in detecting bank fragility. Findings. The research found a direct relationship between a lagged dependent variable, loan portfolio growth, loan deposit ratio and bank fragility. Practical implications. Recommendations are followed on the basis of this study. At first, regulator develop a potential solution to control loan portfolio growth, cap loan deposit ratio and limit the level of non-performing loans. Banking practitioners should model monthly reporting requirements to ensure that banks are able to disclose the ratio and explain any significant changes. Secondly, since Non-performing loans can act as an incentive for bank managers to seek deposits and lend more thereby exacerbating the problem, banks with NPL to gross loans greater than an upper threshold determined by the regulator should not be allowed to attract more deposits. Thirdly, set the maximum level of loan deposit ratio to avoid expensive, sensitive and high-risk loan capital. Implementation of these recommendations will lead to secured social welfare. Originality/Value. The study examines the role of certain loan asset indicators on bank fragility and extends the discussion in the area of early warning systems and commercial bank instability in Kenya. Research limitations/Future Research. This research contributes to the discussion on bank fragility and early warning systems. The further research should review evidence from other jurisdiction with high numbers of distressed institutions to determine how many months or years before distress the three significant variables could predict fragility. Besides, there is need for research on insider loans as defined and why there was no statistical significance. Paper type. Empirical.Цель работы. Проверить прогностическую способность индикаторов кредитных активов на уязвимость коммерческого банка в Кении. Дизайн/Метод/План исследования. Это работа базируется на позитивистской исследовательской философии с исследовательским дизайном. В исследовании приняло участие 42 действующих на 31 декабря 2015 года коммерческих банка. Вторичные данные собраны из Центрального банка Кении и проанализированы с использованием Stata Statistics/Data analysis. Для установления связи между показателями активов и уязвимостью банков использована обобщенная линейная модель. Концепция создания кредита рассматривалась как источник хрупкости банков. Данное исследование – часть систем раннего предупреждения для выявления уязвимости банков. Результаты исследования. Выявлена прямая связь между запаздывающей зависимой переменной, ростом ссудного портфеля, коэффициентом ссудных депозитов и уязвимостью банков. Практическое значение исследования. Рекомендации, представленные ниже, разработаны на основе этого исследования. Во-первых, регулятору необходимо разработать потенциальное решение для контроля за ростом кредитного портфеля, соотношение кредитного портфеля банка к объему депозитов и ограничением уровня неработающих займов. Необходимо смоделировать требования к ежемесячной отчетности, чтобы банки могли раскрывать эти показатели и объяснять любые существенные изменения. Во-вторых, поскольку неработающие ссуды могут служить стимулом для менеджеров банков искать депозиты и предоставлять больше ссуд, что усугубляет проблему, банкам с неработающими кредитами на общую сумму выше верхнего порога, установленного регулирующим органом, не следует разрешать привлекать дополнительные депозиты. В-третьих, установить максимальный уровень коэффициента ссудного депозита, чтобы избежать дорогостоящего, чувствительного и высокорискового ссудного капитала. Выполнение этих рекомендаций приведет к гарантированному социальному обеспечению. Оригинальность/Ценность/Научная новизна исследования. Исследована роль определенных показателей кредитных активов в уязвимости банков и расширено обсуждение в области систем раннего предупреждения и нестабильности коммерческих банков в Кении. Перспективы дальнейших исследований Этим исследованием обсуждается уязвимость банков и систем раннего предупреждения. В ходе дальнейших исследований целесообразно изучить данные других юрисдикций с большим количеством неблагополучных учреждений, чтобы определить, за сколько месяцев или лет до наступления кризисной ситуации три значимые переменные могут предсказать нестабильность. Также существует потребность в исследовании инсайдерских кредитов в том виде, в каком они определены, и причин отсутствия статистической значимости. Тип статьи. Эмпирический.Мета роботи. Перевірити прогностичну здатність показників позикових активів щодо вразливості комерційних банків у Кенії. Дизайн/Метод/План дослідження. Ця робота базується на позитивістській дослідницькій філософії з дослідним дизайном. У дослідженні брало участь 42 діючих на 31 грудня 2015 року комерційних банки. Вторинні дані були зібрані з Центрального банку Кенії і проаналізовані з використанням Stata Statistics/Data analysis. Узагальнена лінійна модель використовувалася для встановлення зв'язку між показниками активів і вразливістю банків. Концепція створення кредитів була досліджена як генезис вразливості банків. Це дослідження – частина систем раннього попередження для виявлення нестабільності банків. Результати дослідження. Виявлено прямий зв'язок між залежною змінною, що відстає, зростанням позичкового портфеля, коефіцієнтом позичкових депозитів і вразливістю банків. Практичне значення дослідження. Рекомендації, що наведено нижче, розроблено на основі цього дослідження. По-перше, регулятору потрібно розробити потенційне рішення для контролю за зростанням кредитного портфелю, співвідношення кредитного портфелю банку до обсягу депозитів та обмеженням рівня непрацюючих позик. Необхідно змоделювати вимоги щодо щомісячної звітності банківських установ, щоб банки могли розкривати ці показники та пояснювати будь-які їх суттєві зміни. По-друге, оскільки непрацюючі позики можуть слугувати стимулом для менеджерів банків шукати депозити та надавати більше позик, тим самим посилюючи проблему, банкам з непрацюючими позиками на загальну суму вище верхньої межі, що встановлена регулятором, слід не дозволяти залучати додаткові депозити. По-третє, встановити максимальний рівень коефіцієнта позикових депозитів, щоб уникнути дорогого, чутливого та високоризикового позикового капіталу. Виконання цих рекомендацій зумовить гарантоване соціальне забезпечення. Оригінальність/Цінність/Наукова новизна дослідження. Досліджено роль окремих показників кредитних активів у вразливості банків й розширено обговорення в області систем раннього попередження й нестабільності комерційних банків в Кенії. Перспективи подальших досліджень. Це дослідження сприяє обговоренню уразливості банків і систем раннього попередження. В ході подальших досліджень доцільно вивчити дані з іншої юрисдикції з великою кількістю проблемних установ, щоб визначити, за скільки місяців або років до настання кризової ситуації три важливі змінні можуть передбачити вразливість. Крім того, існує потреба в дослідженні інсайдерських кредитів в тому вигляді, в якому вони визначені, і причин відсутності статистичної значущості. Тип статті. Емпіричний

Rational Use of Medicines in Relation to Pharmaceutical Supply System in District Hospitals of Dar es Salaam Region

Pharmaceutical management involves a set of practices aiming at ensuring timely availability and appropriate use of safe, effective and quality pharmaceuticals and services in any health care setting. Rational use of medicines is often associated with efficiency of pharmaceutical supply system that operates in the health care system. Pharmaceutical supply system involves planning and programming for pharmaceutical requirements, procurement, storage and distribution which are the necessary steps towards rational use of medicines.Key words: Pharmaceutical management, pharmaceutical supply system, rational use of medicine

Fiscal decentralisation, efficiency, and growth

Much of the recent worldwide trend towards devolution has been driven by the belief that fiscal decentralization is likely to have a positive effect on government efficiency and economic growth. It is generally assumed that the transfer of powers and resources to lower tiers of government allows for a better matching of public policies to local needs and thus for a better allocation of resources. These factors, in turn, are expected to lead to an improvement in regional economic performance, if subnational authorities shift resources from current to capital expenditures in search of a better response to local needs. This paper tests these assumptions empirically by analysing the evolution of subnational expenditure categories and regional growth in Germany, India, Mexico, Spain, and the USA. We find that, contrary to expectations, decentralisation has coincided in the sample countries with a relative increase in current expenditures at the expense of capital expenditures, which has been associated with lower levels of economic growth in countries where devolution has been driven from above (India and Mexico), but not in those where it has been driven from below (Spain). The paper hypothesises that the differences in legitimacy between the central or federal government and subnational governments in top-down and bottom-up processes of devolution may be at the origin of the diverse capacity to deliver greater allocative and productive efficiency and, eventually, greater economic growth by devolved governments.devolution; fiscal decentralisation; subnational expenditure; economic growth; Germany; India; Mexico; Spain; United States

Causes and Spatial Implications of violating Building Space Standards in Mwanza (Rock) City: Case of Mahina Settlement.

Urban centres emerge, develop and expand. In the course of development or expansion, housing development on hilly landscapes may be more challenging than on relatively flat or flat terrains, forcing developers not to comply with building standards. By focusing on one of the neighbourhoods developed on hills, this argument forms the platform to find out the factors that drive developers to violate and how these factors affect the spatial qualities.The study considers building setbacks, plot coverage, Floor Area Ratios (FARs) and the streetscape to analyze the spatial development of the neighbourhood. In this regard, interviews were employed to reveal the building construction practices at a plot level while aerial photos facilitated mapping the extent of spatial growth. Measurements and observations revealed the building standards adopted by house developers.The study finds that natural, economic, technical and social factors drive developers to violate the official building standards. However, natural factors – hilly and rocky topography and small plot sizes are the main driving forces of violation. Also, developers do not comply because of ignorance of the set out standards and household size increase. The property market, rental units in particular, has driven developers to maximize plot space use in order to increase revenues from rented spaces.   The results inform a review of plot sizes and building space standards on hilly areas, availing and provision of building space standards to the grassroots institutions, as well as instituting accountability measures for professional misconduct.

Chapter 5 Adaptability, decarbonisation and accessibility

This chapter focuses on the status quo of transport for people in relation to integrated planning attempts in the city of Dar es Salaam. With the population increase and urban expansion, the need for transport infrastructure and mobility within Dar es Salaam is continuously growing. To manage transport development under these conditions of rapid urban growth, the Dar es Salaam Master Plan of 1979 was the last official master plan authorised by the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development and has not been replaced Daladalas, small buses and the even smaller microbuses called vipanya are by far the most common way to travel in Dar es Salaam. The World Bank notes that Dar es Salaam’s four primary roads and arterial roads are dominated by public transit and walking. However, walking has not yet been sufficiently considered in transport policies in Dar es Salaam, which – unlike Nairobi – does not have a Non-Motorised Transport Policy to date

Financial Distress, Prediction, and Strategies by Firms: A Systematic Review of Literature

The paper is systematic scrutiny of studies on financial distress, prediction, and strategies firms adapt to deal with the difficulty. To this end, the paper offers a dissection and assortment of 72 articles published between 2005 and 2017 in Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The authors chose the three databases as articles that are published only in indexed journals. The studies were selected based on the key terms "financial distress", "financial strategies", "financial distress prediction", and "financial distress strategies". The selected articles were evaluated based on seven categories: content, methodology, scope, and data analysis techniques, study period, study focus, and data analyzed. The evaluation and assortment of studies identified existing disparities in the literature on financial distress, offering opportunities for future researchers. Exceptional articles on financial challenges, prediction, and strategies adopted by firms were identified. The study finds that most of the studies centered on mature economies, whereas those on emerging markets-focused only on Asian markets. Equally, there are very few qualitative studies on the subject matter. Through the study, the authors paint a picture of existing literature on the subject matter; further, the authors expect the review to stimulate debate and further research among scholars

Strategies for Promoting the Use of Concrete Pavements in Tanzania: Technical and Institutional Considerations

High-type roads in Tanzania have been predominantly of asphaltic concrete construction. This ever enlarging and ageing asphaltic road network represents increasing resource requirements on the road agency in the form of maintenance. Limited resources coupled with the ever sky-rocketing costs of petroleum products and the competing demands of social economic developments, presupposes the need to look for alternative road construction technology that is more cost-effective and resource optimising. Experience gained from developed and some developing countries where concrete pavements have been widely used suggests the potential of this type of pavement in many developingcountries. This paper discusses the technical aspects of design and construction- and maintenance-related aspects of concrete pavements. The discussion extends further to highlight issues pertaining to the performance of concrete pavements and strategies for promoting the use of concrete pavements in Tanzania. Conclusions and recommendationsare made with suggestions on how to start implementing the proposed strategies