A Systematic Search for Molecular Outflows Toward Candidate Low-Luminosity Protostars and Very Low Luminosity Objects

We present a systematic single-dish search for molecular outflows toward a sample of 9 candidate low-luminosity protostars and 30 candidate Very Low Luminosity Objects (VeLLOs; L_int < 0.1 L_sun). The sources are identified using data from the Spitzer Space Telescope catalogued by Dunham et al. toward nearby (D < 400 pc) star forming regions. Each object was observed in 12CO and 13CO J = 2-1 simultaneously using the sideband separating ALMA Band-6 prototype receiver on the Heinrich Hertz Telescope at 30 arcsecond resolution. Using 5-point grid maps we identify five new potential outflow candidates and make on-the-fly maps of the regions surrounding sources in the dense cores B59, L1148, L1228, and L1165. Of these new outflow candidates, only the map of B59 shows a candidate blue outflow lobe associated with a source in our survey. We also present larger and more sensitive maps of the previously detected L673-7 and the L1251-A IRS4 outflows and analyze their properties in comparison to other outflows from VeLLOs. The accretion luminosities derived from the outflow properties of the VeLLOs with detected CO outflows are higher than the observed internal luminosity of the protostars, indicating that these sources likely had higher accretion rates in the past. The known L1251-A IRS3 outflow is detected but not remapped. We do not detect clear, unconfused signatures of red and blue molecular wings toward the other 31 sources in the survey indicating that large-scale, distinct outflows are rare toward this sample of candidate protostars. Several potential outflows are confused with kinematic structure in the surrounding core and cloud. Interferometric imaging is needed to disentangle large-scale molecular cloud kinematics from these potentially weak protostellar outflows.Comment: 42 pages, 19 figures, Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journa

Outflows in rho Ophiuchi as Seen with the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera

Using the IRAC images from the Spitzer c2d program, we have made a survey of mid-infrared outflows in the rho Ophiuchi molecular cloud. Extended objects that have prominent emission in IRAC channel 2 (4.5 micron) compared to IRAC channel 1 (3.6 micron) and stand out as green objects in the three-color images (3.6 micron in blue, 4.5 micron in green, 8.0 micron in red) are identified as mid-infrared outflows. As a result, we detected 13 new outflows in the rho Ophiuchi molecular cloud that have not been previously observed in optical or near-infrared. In addition, at the positions of previously observed HH objects or near-infrared emission, we detected 31 mid-infrared outflows, among which seven correspond to previously observed HH objects and 30 to near-infrared emission. Most of the mid-infrared outflows detected in the rho Ophiuchi cloud are concentrated in the L1688 dense core region. In combination with the survey results for Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) and millimeter and sub-millimeter sources, the distribution of mid-infrared outflows in the rho Ophiuchi molecular complex hints a propagation of star formation in the cloud in the direction from the northwest to the southeast as suggested by previous studies of the region.Comment: 23 pages and 43 figure

O destino dos rins transplantados tratados com OKT3 para rejeição córtico-resistente

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term effects of the monoclonal antibody anti-CD3 (OKT3), used to treat steroid-resistant acute renal allograft rejection, on allograft function and long-term allograft and patient survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 231 kidney transplants from living and cadaver donors and with prednisone, azathioprine and cyclosporin used for baseline immunosuppression. Diagnosis of acute rejection was based on clinical and laboratory criteria. Sixty-three (27.2%) patients did not present acute rejection, 135 (58.4%) presented steroid-sensitive rejection, and 33 (14.2%) received OKT3 as a rescue therapy for steroid-resistant rejection. We evaluated demographic data, serum creatinine, and allograft and patient survival up to the 5th posttransplant year, as well as causes of graft loss and patient death. RESULTS: Vascular anastomosis time and prevalence of  acute tubular necrosis were significantly higher in OKT3- reated patients. Average serum creatinine was not different between steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant patients. Graft survival in the first year was poorer in the OKT3 group as compared to the non-rejection (P = 0.001) and steroidsensitive rejection (P = 0.04) groups; there was no difference, however, in the survival up to the 5th posttransplant year. In transplants from cadaver donors, graft survival was statistically different only between OKT3 and non-rejection patients. Patient survival did not differ between the 3 groups up to the end of the follow-up. There were no differences in causes of graft loss, but the proportion of deaths associated with infection was greater in patients treated with OKT3. CONCLUSIONS: OKT3 used for rescue therapy in steroid--resistant acute rejection was not associated with poorer renal graft function or survival over the 5-year follow-up period. However, graft survival in the first year was significantly poorer in patients that needed OKT3. The use of a more potent immunosuppression did not result in higher mortality rates up to the 5th year of posttransplant, but OKT3-treated recipients presented a higher incidence of deaths related to infection. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do anticorpo monoclonal anti-CD3 (OKT3), utilizado para tratamento de rejeição aguda córtico-resistente em pacientes transplantados renais, em relação à função do rim transplantado e à sobrevida do enxerto e do paciente a longo prazo.PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 231 pacientes transplantados renais de doador vivo e cadavérico, tendo como imunossupressão de base prednisona, azatioprina e ciclosporina. O diagnóstico de rejeição aguda baseou-se em critérios clínicos e laboratoriais. Sessenta e três (27,2%) pacientes não apresentaram rejeição aguda, 135 (58,4%) tiveram rejeição córtico-sensível e 33 (14,2%) receberam OKT3 para rejeição córtico-resistente. Foram avaliados dados demográficos, função do enxerto, sobrevida do enxerto e do paciente até o quinto ano de transplante, bem como as causas de perda do rim transplantado e de óbito.RESULTADOS: O tempo de anastomose vascular e a prevalência de necrose tubular aguda foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes que receberam OKT3. A média da creatinina sérica do grupo OKT3 não diferiu do grupo com rejeição córtico-sensível. A sobrevida do enxerto no primeiro ano foi significativamente pior no grupo tratado com OKT3 em relação ao pacientes sem rejeição (P = 0,001) e com rejeição córticoresponsiva (P = 0,04), mas a sobrevida ao final do seguimento não diferiu. Nos transplantes cadavéricos, a diferença ocorreu apenas entre o grupo OKT3 e os pacientes sem rejeição. A sobrevida do paciente em 5 anos foi semelhante entre os 3 grupos. Não houve diferença nas causas de perda do enxerto, mas a proporção de óbitos associados à infecção foi maior nos pacientes que utilizaram OKT3.CONCLUSÕES: O uso de OKT3 como terapia de resgate não esteve associado a uma pior função ou pior sobrevida do enxerto renal em 5 anos, mas no primeiro ano a sobrevida do enxerto foi significativamente menor nos pacientes tratados com OKT3. O emprego de uma imunossupressão mais potente não se refletiu em maior mortalidade até o 5º ano do transplante, mas o grupo que utilizou OKT3 apresentou uma maior incidência de óbitos associados à infecção

The fate of renal allografts treated with OKT3 for steroid-resistant rejection

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do anticorpo monoclonal anti-CD3 (OKT3), utilizado para tratamento de rejeição aguda córtico-resistente em pacientes transplantados renais, em relação à função do rim transplantado e à sobrevida do enxerto e do paciente a longo prazo. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 231 pacientes transplantados renais de doador vivo e cadavérico, tendo como imunossupressão de base prednisona, azatioprina e ciclosporina. O diagnóstico de rejeição aguda baseou-se em critérios clínicos e laboratoriais. Sessenta e três (27,2%) pacientes não apresentaram rejeição aguda, 135 (58,4%) tiveram rejeição córtico-sensível e 33 (14,2%) receberam OKT3 para rejeição córtico-resistente. Foram avaliados dados demográficos, função do enxerto, sobrevida do enxerto e do paciente até o quinto ano de transplante, bem como as causas de perda do rim transplantado e de óbito. RESULTADOS: O tempo de anastomose vascular e a prevalência de necrose tubular aguda foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes que receberam OKT3. A média da creatinina sérica do grupo OKT3 não diferiu do grupo com rejeição córtico-sensível. A sobrevida do enxerto no primeiro ano foi significativamente pior no grupo tratado com OKT3 em relação ao pacientes sem rejeição (P = 0,001) e com rejeição córticoresponsiva (P = 0,04), mas a sobrevida ao final do seguimento não diferiu. Nos transplantes cadavéricos, a diferença ocorreu apenas entre o grupo OKT3 e os pacientes sem rejeição. A sobrevida do paciente em 5 anos foi semelhante entre os 3 grupos. Não houve diferença nas causas de perda do enxerto, mas a proporção de óbitos associados à infecção foi maior nos pacientes que utilizaram OKT3. CONCLUSÕES: O uso de OKT3 como terapia de resgate não esteve associado a uma pior função ou pior sobrevida do enxerto renal em 5 anos, mas no primeiro ano a sobrevida do enxerto foi significativamente menor nos pacientes tratados com OKT3. O emprego de uma imunossupressão mais potente não se refletiu em maior mortalidade até o 5º ano do transplante, mas o grupo que utilizou OKT3 apresentou uma maior incidência de óbitos associados à infecção.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term effects of the monoclonal antibody anti-CD3 (OKT3), used to treat steroid-resistant acute renal allograft rejection, on allograft function and long-term allograft and patient survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 231 kidney transplants from living and cadaver donors and with prednisone, azathioprine and cyclosporin used for baseline immunosuppression. Diagnosis of acute rejection was based on clinical and laboratory criteria. Sixty-three (27.2%) patients did not present acute rejection, 135 (58.4%) presented steroid-sensitive rejection, and 33 (14.2%) received OKT3 as a rescue therapy for steroid-resistant rejection. We evaluated demographic data, serum creatinine, and allograft and patient survival up to the 5th posttransplant year, as well as causes of graft loss and patient death. RESULTS: Vascular anastomosis time and prevalence of acute tubular necrosis were significantly higher in OKT3-treated patients. Average serum creatinine was not different between steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant patients. Graft survival in the first year was poorer in the OKT3 group as compared to the non-rejection (P = 0.001) and steroidsensitive rejection (P = 0.04) groups; there was no difference, however, in the survival up to the 5th posttransplant year. In transplants from cadaver donors, graft survival was statistically different only between OKT3 and non-rejection patients. Patient survival did not differ between the 3 groups up to the end of the follow-up. There were no differences in causes of graft loss, but the proportion of deaths associated with infection was greater in patients treated with OKT3. CONCLUSIONS: OKT3 used for rescue therapy in steroid-resistant acute rejection was not associated with poorer renal graft function or survival over the 5-year follow-up period. However, graft survival in the first year was significantly poorer in patients that needed OKT3. The use of a more potent immunosuppression did not result in higher mortality rates up to the 5th year of posttransplant, but OKT3-treated recipients presented a higher incidence of deaths related to infection

The Molecular Outflows in the rho Ophiuchi Main Cloud: Implications For Turbulence Generation

We present the results of CO (J=3-2) and CO (J=1-0) mapping observations toward the active cluster forming clump, L1688, in the rho Ophiuchi molecular cloud. From the CO (J=3-2) and CO (J=1-0) data cubes, we identify five outflows, whose driving sources are VLA 1623, EL 32, LFAM 26, EL 29, and IRS 44. Among the identified outflows, the most luminous outflow is the one from the prototypical Class 0 source, VLA 1623. We also discover that the EL 32 outflow located in the Oph B2 region has very extended blueshifted and redshifted lobes with wide opening angles. This outflow is most massive and have the largest momentum among the identified outflows in the CO (J=1-0) map. We estimate the total energy injection rate due to the molecular outflows identified by the present and previous studies to be about 0.2 L_solar, larger than or at least comparable to the turbulence dissipation rate [~(0.03 - 0.1) L_solar]. Therefore, we conclude that the protostellar outflows are likely to play a significant role in replenishing the supersonic turbulence in this clump.Comment: 37 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Electrical switching of vortex core in a magnetic disk

A magnetic vortex is a curling magnetic structure realized in a ferromagnetic disk, which is a promising candidate of a memory cell for future nonvolatile data storage devices. Thus, understanding of the stability and dynamical behaviour of the magnetic vortex is a major requirement for developing magnetic data storage technology. Since the experimental proof of the existence of a nanometre-scale core with out-of-plane magnetisation in the magnetic vortex, the dynamics of a vortex has been investigated intensively. However, the way to electrically control the core magnetisation, which is a key for constructing a vortex core memory, has been lacking. Here, we demonstrate the electrical switching of the core magnetisation by utilizing the current-driven resonant dynamics of the vortex; the core switching is triggered by a strong dynamic field which is produced locally by a rotational core motion at a high speed of several hundred m/s. Efficient switching of the vortex core without magnetic field application is achieved thanks to resonance. This opens up the potentiality of a simple magnetic disk as a building block for spintronic devices like a memory cell where the bit data is stored as the direction of the nanometre-scale core magnetisation.Comment: 20 pages, 4 figures. Supplementary discussion included. Accepted for publication in Nature Material

Efeitos do alopurinol na proteção renal por meio da dosagem plasmática e urinária de biomarcadores e histologia: estudo em modelo experimental de lesão de isquemia e reperfusão em ratos sob anestesia inalatória

Ischemic and reperfusion kidney injury are involved in many clinical conditions. The reperfusion injury leads to reactive oxygen species formation and allopurinol has the potential to inhibit this process. The novel biomarkers can perform early diagnosis of acute kidney injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether allopurinol had a renal protective effect measuring renal function, novel biomarkers levels (pNGAL, uNGAL and IL-18) and studying histopathologic features during renal ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury in uninephrectomized rats. 32 Wistar Rats were randomized in 4 groups: Sham (S): laparotomy and right nefrectomy. Control (C): laparotomy and right nefrectomy, I/R maneuvers in left kidney. Allopurinol Control (AC): laparotomy and right nefrectomy, pretreated with allopurinol 100mg.kg-1.d-1. Allopurinol (A): laparotomy and right nefrectomy, I/R maneuvers in left kidney, pretreated with allopurinol 100mg.kg-1.d-1. pNGAL, uNGAL, IL-18, KIM-1, serum creatinine and histopathologic features were analysed. Differences in the mean values were deemed significant at PS≈AC. pNGAL and IL-18 showed a significant rise in all groups too, however all of them evolve in a similar way. uNGAL showed signifcantly rise in group C, but all of them evolve in a similar way. KIM-1 was higher in group A than C and had intermediate values in groups S and AC. With regard to histopathologic features, C and A groups showed left kidney injury signifcantly higher than S and AC groups. There were no difference in histopathologic features between groups C and A neither between S and AC. Allopurinol given 100mg.kg-1.d-1 did not seem to exert protective or harmful effects in kidneys that underwent I/R injury under functional, novel biomarkers levels and histopathologic features evaluationLesão renal por isquemia e reperfusão estão envolvidas em muitas condições clínicas. A lesão de reperfusão leva a formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio e o alopurinol apresenta o potencial de diminuí-las. Os novos biomarcadores podem realizar o diagnóstico da lesão de maneira precoce. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar se o alopurinol tem efeito protetor sobre os rins utilizando os novos biomarcadores de dano (NGALp, NGALu,KIM-1e IL-18), a função renal e a histologia renal durante lesão de isquemia e reperfusão (I/R) em ratos uninefrectomizados. Trinta e dois ratos Wistar foram randomizados em 4 grupos: Sham (S): laparotomia e nefrectomia direita. Controle (C): laparotomia e nefrectomia direita, I/R em rim esquerdo. Controle Alopurinol (CA): laparotomia e nefrectomia direita, alopurinol na dose de 100 mg.kg-1.d-1. Alopurinol (A): laparotomia e nefrectomia direita, I/R em rim esquerdo, alopurinol na dose de 100mg.kg-1.d-1. Foram analisados NGALp, NGALu, IL-18, KIM-1, creatinina e histologia. Nível de significância considerado quando pS≈CA. A NGALp e IL-18 aumentaram em todos os grupos, porém todos evoluem de forma semelhante. A NGALu aumentou no grupo C, porém todos os grupos evoluem de forma semelhante. KIM-1 foi maior no grupo A em relação ao C e intermediário nos grupos S e CA. Em relação aos achados histológicos, os grupos C e A apresentaram grau de lesão no lado esquerdo significativamente maior que os grupos S e CA. Não existiu diferença histológica entre C e A e nem entre S e CA. O alopurinol na dose de 100 mg.kg-1.dia-1 não exerceu efeito protetor ou danoso aos rins submetidos a lesão de I/R na avaliação da função, da histologia renal e dos biomarcadores novo

Evaluation of sugar sorption isotherm measurement by frontal analysis under industrial processing conditions

This paper evaluates frontal analysis for routine sugar isotherm measurements at industrial conditions, that is concentrations up to 400 kg/m3 and a temperature of 60 °C. Sugar isotherms for a gel type cation-exchange resin loaded with metal ions were measured in a HPLC set-up equipped with a UV detector. It is shown experimentally that isotherms obtained with large concentration steps (step series method) underestimated the isotherm. The underestimation is larger for larger resin particle size. In contrast, isotherms obtained with small concentration steps (staircase method) yielded correct isotherms. The seldom-mentioned change of the sorbent volume during the course of an isotherm measurement is discussed. It is shown that shrinking of 4% cross-linked resin at high sugar concentration has a negligible effect on the isotherm. Furthermore, the isotherms obtained with staircase frontal analysis agreed very well with those obtained with the independent, though more laborious and time-consuming, adsorption–desorption method. Staircase frontal analysis is shown to be convenient and accurate and is therefore recommended for isotherm measurements covering large concentration ranges