Variation in sequence and location of the fumonisin mycotoxin niosynthetic gene cluster in Fusarium

In Fusarium, the ability to produce fumonisins is governed by a 17-gene fumonisin biosynthetic gene (FUM) cluster. Here, we examined the cluster in F. oxysporum strain O-1890 and nine other species selected to represent a wide range of the genetic diversity within the GFSC

Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Rimpang Rumput Teki (Cyperus Rotundus L.) Dengan Obat Imodium Terhadap Antidiare Pada Mencit (Mus Musculus L.) Jantan Yang Diinduksi Oleum Ricini

Diare merupakan pengeluaran feses cair berulang kali atau lebih dari tiga kali sehari. Penyebab diare bermacam-macam, antara lain adanya infeksi virus, infeksi bakteri, makanan basi, beracun atau alergi terhadap makanan. Zat aktif kimia yang terdapat dalam rimpang rumput teki (C. rotundus L.) teki antara lain: alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin, pati, glikosida serta secara farmakologi rimpang teki mengandung senyawa antidiare sedangkan obat imodium merupakan obat kimia yang dapat mengatasi penyakit diare. Dengan adanya berbagai zat kimia tersebut maka dilakukan penelitian mengenai uji efektivitas ekstrak rimpang rumput teki (C. rotundus L.) dengan obat imodium untuk mencegah terjadinya diare. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Zoologi Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Lampung pada bulan April-Juni 2016. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan efektivitas ekstrak rimpang rumput teki dengan obat imodium dalam upaya menurunkan diare. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan, kontrol negatif, diberi 0,4 ml /40 gr BB aquabides (A), dosis ekstrak rumput teki 4,5 mg/ 40 gr BB dalam 0,4ml/100 grBB aquabides (B), dosis ekstrak rumput teki 45 mg/40 grBB dalam 0,4ml/100 gr BB aquabides (C), dosis ekstrak rumput teki 135 mg/40 grBB dalam 0,4ml/100 gr BB aquabides (D), dosis obat antidiare dengan dosis 0,4 mg dalam 0,4 ml/100 gr BB aquabides (E). Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah ekstrak rimpang rumput teki (C. rotundus L.) dengan dosis 135 mg/40 grBB dapat menunjukkan adanya khasiat antidiare, tetapi efeknya lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan obat imodium (Loperamide). Hal ini disebabkan karena di dalam rimpang rumput teki terkandung senyawa flavonoid dan alkaloid sebagai senyawa antidiare pada mencit

Histopathological Observation of The Qurban Goat’s (Capra Aegagrus Hircus) Lung Organs in Tulus Rejo Village, Pekalongan District, East Lampung 2019 Suspected Of Being Infected With Pneumonia

Placement of goats of various ages and the number of animals that exceed the maximum limit in one cage can cause the spread of diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, etc. One of them can cause pneumonia. Dirt and extreme temperatures in East Lampung are feared to increase the growth of bacteria that cause pneumonia. The purpose of this research was to determine the type of pneumonia that infects and the differences between the histopathological organs of the healthy qurban goats and those infected with pneumonia. This research was conducted in October-November 2019 at the Pathology Laboratory of the Veterinary Institute of Lampung. About 13 samples of lung organ of goat qurban (Capra aegagrus hircus) were taken from the Baburahman mosque of Tulus Rejo Village, Pekalongan District, East Lampung. The results of the study found 6 samples of positive qurban goat lungs infected with pneumonia, with the characteristics of inflammatory cells accompanied by thickening of the septa alveoli, edema, and the presence of hemorrhage. Based on observations, the most infecting types of pneumonia are pulmonary edema and peri-bronchial edema

Cis and trans regulatory mechanisms control AP2-mediated B cell receptor endocytosis via select tyrosine-based motifs.

Following antigen recognition, B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated endocytosis is the first step of antigen processing and presentation to CD4+ T cells, a crucial component of the initiation and control of the humoral immune response. Despite this, the molecular mechanism of BCR internalization is poorly understood. Recently, studies of activated B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma (ABC DLBCL) have shown that mutations within the BCR subunit CD79b leads to increased BCR surface expression, suggesting that CD79b may control BCR internalization. Adaptor protein 2 (AP2) is the major mediator of receptor endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits. The BCR contains five putative AP2-binding YxxØ motifs, including four that are present within two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). Using a combination of in vitro and in situ approaches, we establish that the sole mediator of AP2-dependent BCR internalization is the membrane proximal ITAM YxxØ motif in CD79b, which is a major target of mutation in ABC DLBCL. In addition, we establish that BCR internalization can be regulated at a minimum of two different levels: regulation of YxxØ AP2 binding in cis by downstream ITAM-embedded DCSM and QTAT regulatory elements and regulation in trans by the partner cytoplasmic domain of the CD79 heterodimer. Beyond establishing the basic rules governing BCR internalization, these results illustrate an underappreciated role for ITAM residues in controlling clathrin-dependent endocytosis and highlight the complex mechanisms that control the activity of AP2 binding motifs in this receptor system

Scanning tunneling microscopy of the electronic structure of chemical vapor deposited diamond films

This article discusses scanning tunneling microscopy of the electronic structure of chemical vapor deposited diamond films

Cholesterol Corrects Altered Conformation of MHC-II Protein in Leishmania donovani Infected Macrophages: Implication in Therapy

Previously we reported that Kala-azar patients show progressive decrease in serum cholesterol as a function of splenic parasite burden. Splenic macrophages (MΦ) of Leishmania donovani (LD) infected mice show decrease in membrane cholesterol, while LD infected macrophages (I-MΦ) show defective T cell stimulating ability that could be corrected by liposomal delivery of cholesterol. T helper cells recognize peptide antigen in the context of class II MHC molecule. It is known that the conformation of a large number of membrane proteins is dependent on membrane cholesterol. In this investigation we tried to understand the influence of decreased membrane cholesterol in I-MΦ on the conformation of MHC-II protein and peptide-MHC-II stability, and its bearing on the antigen specific T-cell activatio

Phylogenomic analysis of a 55.1 kb 19-gene dataset resolves a monophyletic Fusarium that includes the Fusarium solani Species Complex

Scientific communication is facilitated by a data-driven, scientifically sound taxonomy that considers the end-user¿s needs and established successful practice. In 2013, the Fusarium community voiced near unanimous support for a concept of Fusarium that represented a clade comprising all agriculturally and clinically important Fusarium species, including the F. solani species complex (FSSC). Subsequently, this concept was challenged in 2015 by one research group who proposed dividing the genus Fusarium into seven genera, including the FSSC described as members of the genus Neocosmospora, with subsequent justification in 2018 based on claims that the 2013 concept of Fusarium is polyphyletic. Here, we test this claim and provide a phylogeny based on exonic nucleotide sequences of 19 orthologous protein-coding genes that strongly support the monophyly of Fusarium including the FSSC. We reassert the practical and scientific argument in support of a genus Fusarium that includes the FSSC and several other basal lineages, consistent with the longstanding use of this name among plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, students, and researchers with a stake in its taxonomy. In recognition of this monophyly, 40 species described as genus Neocosmospora were recombined in genus Fusarium, and nine others were renamed Fusarium. Here the global Fusarium community voices strong support for the inclusion of the FSSC in Fusarium, as it remains the best scientific, nomenclatural, and practical taxonomic option availabl