Blue-light filtering spectacle lenses for visual performance, sleep, and macular health in adults

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess whether blue-light filtering spectacle lenses impart effects on visual function, provide protection to the macula, or both. We will also examine potential effects on the sleep-wake cycle

Mitochondrial potassium channel opener diazoxide preserves neuronal-vascular function after cerebral ischemia in newborn pigs

Background and Purpose-N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) elicits neuronally mediated cerebral arteriolar vasodilation that is reduced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). This sequence has been preserved by pretreatment with the ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channel opener aprikalim, although the mechanism was unclear. In the heart, mitochondrial K-ATP channels (mitoK(ATP)) are involved in the ischemic preconditioning-like effect of K+ channel openers. We determined whether the selective mitoK(ATP) channel opener diazoxide preserves the vascular dilation to NMDA after I/R. Methods-Pial arteriolar diameters were determined with the use of closed cranial window/intravital microscopy in anesthetized piglets. Vascular responses to NMDA were assessed before and 1 hour after 10 minutes of global cerebral ischemia induced by raising intracranial pressure. Subgroups received 1 of the following pretreatments before I/R: vehicle; 1 to 10 mu mol/L diazoxide; and coapplication of 100 mu mol/L 5-hydroxydecanoic acid (5-HD), a K-ATP antagonist with diazoxide. Results-NMDA-induced dose-dependent pial arteriolar dilation was not affected by diazoxide treatment only but was severely attenuated by I/R, In contrast, diazoxide dose-dependently preserved the NMDA vascular response after I/R; at 10 mu mol/L, diazoxide arteriolar responses were unaltered by I/R. The effect of diazoxide was antagonized by coapplication of 5-HD with diazoxide. Percent preservation of 100 mu mol/L NMDA-induced vasodilation after I/R was 53 +/- 19% (mean +/- SEM, n = 8) in vehicle-treated controls versus 55 +/- 10%, 85 +/- 5%, and 99 +/- 15% in animals pretreated with 1, 5, and 10 mu mol/L diazoxide (n = 8, n = 8, and n = 12, respectively) and 60 +/- 15% in the group treated with 5-HD+diazoxide (n = 5). Conclusions-The mitoK(ATP) channel opener diazoxide in vivo preserves neuronal function after I/R, shown by pial arteriolar responses to NMDA, in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, activation of mitoK(ATP) channels may play a role in mediating the protective effect of other K+ channel openers

Observable essential fatty acid deficiency markers and autism spectrum disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been associated with essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiencies, with some researchers theorising that dysregulation of phospholipid metabolism may form part of the biological basis for ASD. This pilot study compared observable signs of fatty acid status of 19 children with an ASD diagnosis to 23 of their typically developing siblings. A pregnancy, birth and breastfeeding history was also obtained from their parents, which included a measure of infant intake of fatty acid rich colostrum immediately post-partum. When considered within their family group, those infants not breastfed (with colostrum) within the first hour of life and who had a history of fatty acid deficiency symptoms were more likely to have an ASD diagnosis. Other variables such as formula use, duration of breastfeeding, gestational age and Apgar scores were not associated with group membership. The results of this study are consistent with previous research showing a relationship between fatty acid metabolism, breastfeeding and ASD such that early infant feeding practices and the influence this has on the fatty acid metabolism of the child may be a risk factor for ASD

STAVOVI UČENIKA PREMA SPORTSKIM AKTIVNOSTIMA I NJIHOVA POVEZANOST S USPJEHOM U ŠKOLI

S obzirom na današnje, informatičko i ubrzano doba, ljudi su svjesni važnosti sporta i njegovih bitnih čimbenika za zdravlje djece i odraslih. On predstavlja opće ljudsko dobro, a kada su u pitanju djeca, igra i sport trebali bi biti sastavni dio njihovog života. Djecu bi od najranije dobi trebalo poticati da se što prije počnu baviti nekom sportskom aktivnošću jer osim što je sport izrazito važan za zdravlje i razvo j, on pomaže djeci pri stjecanju znanja, vještina i radnih sposobnosti, a isto tako ima i vrlo značajnu ulogu u društvu. Oni kroz sport oblikuju svoje socijalne vještine, stječu disciplinu koja je nužna za funkcioniranje u nekoj grupi, razvijaju toleranciju, radne navike i timski duh. Uglavnom, može se reći da djeca kroz sport stječu jako puno pozitivnih osobina koje uvelike potpomažu prilikom daljnjeg odrastanja i školovanja. U sklopu ovog diplomskog rada provedeno je istraživanje s ciljem da se ispita postoji li povezanost između školskog uspjeha učenika koji se aktivno bave sportom u o dnosu na one koji se ne bave sportom. Rezultati provedenog istraživanja pokazali su da postoji statistički značajna povezanost između učenika koji s e aktivno bave sportom i školskog uspjeha, odnosno, učenici koji se bave sportom imaju i bolji uspjeh. Također, istraživanje je pokazalo da postoji statistički značajna razlika između stavova učenika sportaša prema važnosti sporta u odnosu na učenike nesportaše. Učenici koji se bave sportom pridaju sportu i veću važnost, no, zanimljivo je to da velika većina učenika nesportaša razmišlja o tome da se uskoro počne aktivno baviti nekim sportom.Given today's, informational and accelerated times, people are aware of the importance of sport and its essential factors for the health of children and adults. It represents a general human good, and when it comes to children, play and sport should be an essential part of their lives. Children should be encouraged to engage in sporting activities as early as possible since, apart from the fact that sport is extremely important for health and development, it helps children gain knowledge, skills and working abilities, and also has a very important role in society. Through sport the y shape their social skills, acquire the discipline necessary to function in a particular group, develop tolerance, work habits and team spirit. Basically, it can be said that children through sports are getting a lot of positive features that greatly support them in further education and training. Within this graduate thesis, a study was conducted to examine whether there is a correlation between school success of students who are actively engaged in sport compared to those who do not deal with sport. The results of the research has shown that there is a statistically significant correlation between students who are actively involved in sport and school success, it is obvious that sports-related students have better success. Also, research has shown that there is a statistically significant difference between athlete's attitudes towards the importance of sport in relation to nonathlete students. Sports-related students give greater importance to the sport, but it is interesting that the vast majority of non-athlete students think that they are starting to engage in some sport soon

STAVOVI UČENIKA PREMA SPORTSKIM AKTIVNOSTIMA I NJIHOVA POVEZANOST S USPJEHOM U ŠKOLI

S obzirom na današnje, informatičko i ubrzano doba, ljudi su svjesni važnosti sporta i njegovih bitnih čimbenika za zdravlje djece i odraslih. On predstavlja opće ljudsko dobro, a kada su u pitanju djeca, igra i sport trebali bi biti sastavni dio njihovog života. Djecu bi od najranije dobi trebalo poticati da se što prije počnu baviti nekom sportskom aktivnošću jer osim što je sport izrazito važan za zdravlje i razvo j, on pomaže djeci pri stjecanju znanja, vještina i radnih sposobnosti, a isto tako ima i vrlo značajnu ulogu u društvu. Oni kroz sport oblikuju svoje socijalne vještine, stječu disciplinu koja je nužna za funkcioniranje u nekoj grupi, razvijaju toleranciju, radne navike i timski duh. Uglavnom, može se reći da djeca kroz sport stječu jako puno pozitivnih osobina koje uvelike potpomažu prilikom daljnjeg odrastanja i školovanja. U sklopu ovog diplomskog rada provedeno je istraživanje s ciljem da se ispita postoji li povezanost između školskog uspjeha učenika koji se aktivno bave sportom u o dnosu na one koji se ne bave sportom. Rezultati provedenog istraživanja pokazali su da postoji statistički značajna povezanost između učenika koji s e aktivno bave sportom i školskog uspjeha, odnosno, učenici koji se bave sportom imaju i bolji uspjeh. Također, istraživanje je pokazalo da postoji statistički značajna razlika između stavova učenika sportaša prema važnosti sporta u odnosu na učenike nesportaše. Učenici koji se bave sportom pridaju sportu i veću važnost, no, zanimljivo je to da velika većina učenika nesportaša razmišlja o tome da se uskoro počne aktivno baviti nekim sportom.Given today's, informational and accelerated times, people are aware of the importance of sport and its essential factors for the health of children and adults. It represents a general human good, and when it comes to children, play and sport should be an essential part of their lives. Children should be encouraged to engage in sporting activities as early as possible since, apart from the fact that sport is extremely important for health and development, it helps children gain knowledge, skills and working abilities, and also has a very important role in society. Through sport the y shape their social skills, acquire the discipline necessary to function in a particular group, develop tolerance, work habits and team spirit. Basically, it can be said that children through sports are getting a lot of positive features that greatly support them in further education and training. Within this graduate thesis, a study was conducted to examine whether there is a correlation between school success of students who are actively engaged in sport compared to those who do not deal with sport. The results of the research has shown that there is a statistically significant correlation between students who are actively involved in sport and school success, it is obvious that sports-related students have better success. Also, research has shown that there is a statistically significant difference between athlete's attitudes towards the importance of sport in relation to nonathlete students. Sports-related students give greater importance to the sport, but it is interesting that the vast majority of non-athlete students think that they are starting to engage in some sport soon

STAVOVI UČENIKA PREMA SPORTSKIM AKTIVNOSTIMA I NJIHOVA POVEZANOST S USPJEHOM U ŠKOLI

S obzirom na današnje, informatičko i ubrzano doba, ljudi su svjesni važnosti sporta i njegovih bitnih čimbenika za zdravlje djece i odraslih. On predstavlja opće ljudsko dobro, a kada su u pitanju djeca, igra i sport trebali bi biti sastavni dio njihovog života. Djecu bi od najranije dobi trebalo poticati da se što prije počnu baviti nekom sportskom aktivnošću jer osim što je sport izrazito važan za zdravlje i razvo j, on pomaže djeci pri stjecanju znanja, vještina i radnih sposobnosti, a isto tako ima i vrlo značajnu ulogu u društvu. Oni kroz sport oblikuju svoje socijalne vještine, stječu disciplinu koja je nužna za funkcioniranje u nekoj grupi, razvijaju toleranciju, radne navike i timski duh. Uglavnom, može se reći da djeca kroz sport stječu jako puno pozitivnih osobina koje uvelike potpomažu prilikom daljnjeg odrastanja i školovanja. U sklopu ovog diplomskog rada provedeno je istraživanje s ciljem da se ispita postoji li povezanost između školskog uspjeha učenika koji se aktivno bave sportom u o dnosu na one koji se ne bave sportom. Rezultati provedenog istraživanja pokazali su da postoji statistički značajna povezanost između učenika koji s e aktivno bave sportom i školskog uspjeha, odnosno, učenici koji se bave sportom imaju i bolji uspjeh. Također, istraživanje je pokazalo da postoji statistički značajna razlika između stavova učenika sportaša prema važnosti sporta u odnosu na učenike nesportaše. Učenici koji se bave sportom pridaju sportu i veću važnost, no, zanimljivo je to da velika većina učenika nesportaša razmišlja o tome da se uskoro počne aktivno baviti nekim sportom.Given today's, informational and accelerated times, people are aware of the importance of sport and its essential factors for the health of children and adults. It represents a general human good, and when it comes to children, play and sport should be an essential part of their lives. Children should be encouraged to engage in sporting activities as early as possible since, apart from the fact that sport is extremely important for health and development, it helps children gain knowledge, skills and working abilities, and also has a very important role in society. Through sport the y shape their social skills, acquire the discipline necessary to function in a particular group, develop tolerance, work habits and team spirit. Basically, it can be said that children through sports are getting a lot of positive features that greatly support them in further education and training. Within this graduate thesis, a study was conducted to examine whether there is a correlation between school success of students who are actively engaged in sport compared to those who do not deal with sport. The results of the research has shown that there is a statistically significant correlation between students who are actively involved in sport and school success, it is obvious that sports-related students have better success. Also, research has shown that there is a statistically significant difference between athlete's attitudes towards the importance of sport in relation to nonathlete students. Sports-related students give greater importance to the sport, but it is interesting that the vast majority of non-athlete students think that they are starting to engage in some sport soon

Magnitude and meaningfulness of change in SF-36 scores in four types of orthopedic surgery

Background: The Medical Outcomes General Health Survey (SF-36) is a widely used health status measure; however, limited evidence is available for its performance in orthopedic settings. The aim of this study was to examine the magnitude and meaningfulness of change and sensitivity of SF-36 subscales following orthopedic surgery.Methods: Longitudinal data on outcomes of total hip replacement (THR, n = 255), total knee replacement (TKR, n = 103), arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM, n = 74) and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL, n = 62) were used to estimate the effect sizes (ES, magnitude of change) and minimal detectable change (sensitivity) at the group and individual level. To provide context for interpreting the magnitude of changes in SF-36 scores, we also compared patients\u27 scores with age and sex-matched population norms. The studies were conducted in Sweden. Follow-up was five years in THR and TKR studies, two years in ACL, and three months in APM.Results: On average, large effect sizes (ES&ge;0.80) were found after orthopedic surgery in SF-36 subscales measuring physical aspects (physical functioning, role physical, and bodily pain). Small (0.20&ndash;0.49) to moderate (0.50&ndash;0.79) effect sizes were found in subscales measuring mental and social aspects (role emotional, vitality, social functioning, and mental health). General health scores remained relatively unchanged during the follow-up. Despite improvements, post-surgery mean scores of patients were still below the age and sex matched population norms on physical subscales. Patients\u27 scores on mental and social subscales approached population norms following the surgery. At the individual level, scores of a large proportion of patients were affected by floor or ceiling effects on several subscales and the sensitivity to individual change was very low.Conclusion: Large to moderate meaningful changes in group scores were observed in all SF-36 subscales except General Health across the intervention groups. Therefore, in orthopedic settings, the SF-36 can be used to show changes for groups in physical, mental, and social dimensions and in comparison with population norms. However, SF-36 subscales have low sensitivity to individual change and so we caution against using SF-36 to monitor the health status of individual patients undergoing orthopedic surgery.<br /

Diversity in fall characteristics hampers effective prevention: the precipitants, the environment, the fall and the injury

Summary Falls among the elderly are common and characteristics may differ between injurious and non-injurious falls. Among 887 older Australian women followed for 1.6 years, 32% fell annually. Only 8.5% resulted in fracture and/or hospital admission. The characteristics of those falls are indistinguishable from those not coming to medical attention. Introduction The precipitants and environment of all falls occurring among a large cohort of older Caucasian women were categorised by injury status to determine if the characteristics differed between injurious and non-injurious falls. Methods Among 887 Australian women (70+ years), falls were ascertained using monthly postcard calendars and a questionnaire was administered for each fall. Hospital admissions and fractures were independently confirmed. Results All falls were reported for a mean observation time of 577 (IQR 546–607) days per participant, equating to a total 1400 person-years. Thirty-two percent fell at least once per year. The most common features of a fall were that the faller was walking (61%) at home (61%) during the day (88%) and lost balance (32%). Only 12% of all falls occurred at night. Despite no difference in the type of injury between day and night, the likelihood of being hospitalised from a fall at night was 4.5 times greater than that of a daytime fall with adjustment for injury type and participant age (OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.1, 9.5; p < 0.001). Of all falls, approximately one third were associated with no injury to the faller (31%), one third reported a single injury (37%) and one third reported more than one injury (32%). In 95% of falls, the faller was not admitted to hospital. Only 5% of falls resulted in fracture(s). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate the significant diversity of precipitants and environment where falls commonly occur among older community-dwelling women. Falls resulting in fracture and/or hospital admission collectively represent 8.5% of all falls and their characteristics are indistinguishable from falls not coming to medical attention and incurring no apparent cost to the health system

Cerebral Microcirculatory Responses of Insulin-Resistant Rats are Preserved to Physiological and Pharmacological Stimuli

AbstractWe study a programming language with a built-in ground type for real numbers. In order for the language to be sufficiently expressive but still sequential, we consider a construction proposed by Boehm and Cartwright. The non-deterministic nature of the construction suggests the use of powerdomains in order to obtain a denotational semantics for the language. We show that the construction cannot be modelled by the Plotkin or Smyth powerdomains, but that the Hoare powerdomain gives a computationally adequate semantics. As is well known, Hoare semantics can be used in order to establish partial correctness only. Since computations on the reals are infinite, one cannot decompose total correctness into the conjunction of partial correctness and termination as is traditionally done. We instead introduce a suitable operational notion of strong convergence and show that total correctness can be proved by establishing partial correctness (using denotational methods) and strong convergence (using operational methods). We illustrate the technique with a representative example

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for improving peripheral nerve health: Protocol for a systematic review

Introduction Damage to peripheral nerves occurs in a variety of health conditions. Preserving nerve integrity, to prevent progressive nerve damage, remains a clinical challenge. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are implicated in the development and maintenance of healthy nerves and may be beneficial for promoting peripheral nerve health. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the effects of oral omega-3 PUFA supplementation on peripheral nerve integrity, including both subjective and objective measures of peripheral nerve structure and/or function. Methods and analysis A systematic review of randomised controlled trials that have evaluated the effects of omega-3 PUFA supplementation on peripheral nerve assessments will be conducted. Comprehensive electronic database searches will be performed in Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), US National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. The title, abstract and keywords of identified articles will be assessed for eligibility by two reviewers. Full-text articles will be obtained for all studies judged as eligible or potentially eligible; these studies will be independently assessed by two reviewers to determine eligibility. Disagreements will be resolved by consensus. Risk of bias assessment will be performed using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool to appraise the quality of included studies. If clinically meaningful, and there are a sufficient number of eligible studies, a meta-analysis will be conducted and a summary of findings table will be provided. Ethics and dissemination This is a systematic review that will involve the analysis of previously published data, and therefore ethics approval is not required. A manuscript reporting the results of this systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and may also be presented at relevant scientific conferences