Monitoring Huckleberry in Northwest Montana to Investigate Response to Vegetative Treatments

The remote and ecologically rich forests of northwest Montana are home to an endangered population of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos). Within the Cabinet/Yaak ecosystem, recent research suggests an average population estimate of 45 bears. While grizzly bear core-areas and security requirements have been identified in the Cabinet/Yaak ecosystem, figuring out how to best manage the lush vegetation that provides foraging opportunities within that defined habitat has yet to occur. Large portions of this designated habitat are in need of ecological restoration. Since a high percentage of the Cabinet/Yaak grizzly bear’s diet is supplied through berries, grasses, and forbs, it is crucial to develop the knowledge today that can transform portions of the forest back into the edible landscapes that were once historically abundant. Because huckleberries (Vaccinium spp.) comprise a substantial amount of the annual diet volume for Cabinet/Yaak grizzly bears, land managers are beginning to design projects with the intention of increasing the amount of huckleberry foraging opportunities on the forest. Strong anecdotal evidence suggests that huckleberry prefers minimal overstory, yet few studies have been undertaken that document the plant’s response to management. Addressed is a partnership that has formed between the Yaak Valley Forest Council, USDA Forest Service, and the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service to monitor and document the effects the vegetative treatments have on huckleberry abundance

2010 Western Mensurationists’ Conference

The 2010 Western Mensurationists’ Conference in Missoula, MT, drew together forest scientists and land managers with primary expertise in the measurement and modeling of forest resources. The meeting provided an opportunity to focus the collective technical expertise of this group on crossdisciplinary conifer crown modeling issues that are of increasing importance to existing and emerging forest management strategies in western North America. Thus, a special invited session on conifer crown modeling results and opportunities was added to the conference agenda together with a participatory workshop on crown modeling needs and challenges. Funding was provided by the Joint Fire Science Program (JFSP) to offset travel costs for invited speakers. As a result, four highly recognized scientists were brought to the 2010 meeting to discuss conifer crown modeling results and strategies motivated by applications ranging from fuels management to tree growth prediction to wood quality control. The JFSP-supported conference components (invited session and subsequent workshop) attracted scientists and land managers from 18 states and provinces, greatly diversifying the attendance of a typically more western-centric meeting. JFSP support also helped secure further financial contributions for the conference from the Society of American Foresters’ A1 Working Group. The JFSP-supported crown modeling components of the conference identified parallel lines of research from different disciplines and regions, as well as opportunities for collaboration and crossfertilization. These outcomes are being summarized in a synthesis paper for peer-review publication. The crown modeling presentations and discussions also had direct relevance to two ongoing JFSP supported research projects (10-1-02-10 and 10-1-02-13)

EVS - European Values Study 1981 - Integrated Dataset

The online overview offers comprehensive metadata on the EVS datasets and variables. The variable overview of the four EVS waves 1981, 1990, 1999/2000, and 2008 allows for identifying country specific deviations in the question wording within and across the EVS waves. This overview can be found at: Online Variable Overview . Moral, religious, societal, political, work, and family values of Europeans. Themes: Feeling of happiness; state of health; ever felt: very excited or interested, restless, proud, lonely, pleased, bored, depressed, upset because of criticism; when at home: feeling relaxed, anxious, happy, aggressive, secure; respect and love for parents; important child qualities: good manners, politeness and neatness, independance, hard work, honesty, felling of responsibility, patience, imaginantion, tolerance, leadership, self-control, saving money, determination perseverance, religious faith, unselfishness, obedience, loyalty; attitude towards abortion; way of spending leisure time: alone, with family, with friends, in a lively place; frequency of political discussions; opinion leader; volentary engagement in: welfare service for elderly, education, labour unions, polititcal parties, human rights, environment, professional associations, youth work, consumer groups; dislike being with people with different ideas; will to help; characterisation of neighbourhood: people with a ciminal record, of a different race, heavy drinkers, emotionally unstable people, immigrants or foreign workers, left-wing or right-wing extremists, people with large families, students, unmarried mothers, members of minority religious sects or cults; general confidence; young people trust in older people and vice versa; satisfaction with life; freedom of choice and control; satisfaction with financial situation of the household; financial situation in 12 months; important values at work: good pay, not too much pressure, job security, a respected job, good hours, opportunity to use initiative, generous holidays, responsibility, interesting job, a job that meets one´s abilities, pleasant people, chances for promotion, useful job for society, meeting people; look forward to work after weekend; pride in one´s work; exploitation at work; job satisfaction; freedom of decision taking in job; behaviour at paid free days: find extra work, use spare time to study, spend time with family and friends, find additional work to avoid boredom, use spare time for voluntary work, spend time on hobbies, run own business, relaxing; fair payment; preferred management type; attitude towards following instructions at work; satisfaction with home life; sharing attitudes with partner and parents: towards religion, moral standards, social attitudes, polititcal views, sexual attitudes; ideal number of children; child needs a home with father and mother; a woman has to have children to be fulfilled; sex cannot entirely be left to individual choice; marriage as an out-dated institution; woman as a single parent; enjoy sexual freedom; important values for a successful marriage: faithfulness, adequate income, same social background, respect and appreciation, religious beliefs, good housing, agreement on politics, understanding and tolerance, apart from in-laws, happy sexual relationship, sharing household chores, children, taste and interests in common; accepted reasons for divorce; main aim of imprisonment; willingness to fight for the own country; fear of war; expected future changes of values; opinion about scientific advances; interest in politics; political action: signing a petition, joining in boycotts, attending lawful demonstrations, joining unofficial strikes, occupying buildings or factories, damaging things and personal violence; prefence for freedom or equality; self-positioning on a left-right scale; basic kinds of attitudes concerning society; confidence in institutions: churches, armed forces, education system, the press, labour unions, the police, parliament, the civil services, major companies and the justice system; living day to day because of uncertain future; party preference and identification; regularly reading of a daily newspaper; frequency of TV watching; opinion on terrorism; thinking about meaning and purpose of life; feeling that life is meaningless; thoughts about dead; good and evil in everyone; regret having done something; worth risking life for: country, another´s life, justice, freedom, peace and religion; attitude towards good and evil and religion and truth; religous denomination; church attendence; self placement as religious person; churches give answers to: moral problems, problems of family life, spiritual needs, importance of religion in the future; believe in: God, life after death, soul, hell, heaven, sin, re-incarnation and devil; personal God vs. spirit or life force; importance of God; comfort and strength from religion; moments of prayer or meditation; applying of the ten commandements to the interviewee himself and to most people; feel in touch with someone far away; seen events that happened far away; feel in touch with someone dead; feel close to a powerful life force; altered outlook on life through transcendental experience; relationship between the parents and relationship between interviewee and his mother and father; strict education through the parents; moral values: personal attitudes and expected attitude of most people towards unjustified claiming of government benefits, avoiding fare on public transport, cheating on taxes, accepting a bribe, homosexuality, prostitution, abortion, divorce, euthanasia, suicide, joyriding, taking soft drugs, lying, adultery, sex under the legal age of consent, political assassination, buying stolen goods, keeping money that one finds, fighting with the police, hit-and-run driving, strikebreaking, killing in self-defence; consumption of alcohol; illegal drug-taking and alcoholism as a serios problem in the respondent´s country; proud of nationality. Demography: sex; year of birth; age; marital status; number of children; size of household; number of people in the household aged 18 and older; number of people in the household at different age groups; living with parents; house or apartment; employment status; profession of chief wage profession; seize if department; member of a labour union; socio-economic status of interviewee; income; size of town; type of habitat; ethnic group. Additionaly encoded: country; region; confidence of the interviewee during the interview; weight.Die Variablenübersicht über die vier Wellen EVS 1981, 1990, 1999/2000 und 2008 ermöglicht die Identifizierung der Trendvariablen in allen vier Wellen sowie länderspezifischer Abweichungen im Fragewortlaut innerhalb und zwischen den EVS Wellen. Diese Übersicht ist abrufbar unter: Online Variable Overview . Moralische, religiöse, gesellschaftliche, politische, ökonomische und soziale Wertvorstellungen der Europäer. Themen: Glücksgefühle; subjektiver Gesundheitszustand; Gefühle von: Aufregung oder Interesse, Rastlosigkeit, Stolz aufgrund von Komplimenten, Einsamkeit, Freude über Vollendung einer Sache, Langeweile, Wohlfühlen, Depression oder Unzufriedenheit, Traurigkeit bei Kritik; Gefühlslage des Befragten zu Hause: Entspannung, Angst, Zufriedenheit, Aggression, Sicherheit; Respekt und Liebe für die Eltern; Verantwortlichkeit der Eltern für ihre Kinder; wichtige Erziehungsziele bei Kindern: gute Manieren, Höflichkeit, Unabhängigkeit, harte Arbeit, Ehrlichkeit, Verantwortungsgefühl, Geduld, Vorstellungskraft, Toleranz und Respekt für andere, Führungsrolle, Selbstkontrolle, Sparsamkeit, Beharrlichkeit, religiöser Glaube, Bescheidenheit, Gehorsam, Loyalität; Rechtfertigung von Abtreibung bei: gesundheitlichem Risiko für die Mutter, Behinderung des Kindes, Mutter nicht verheiratet, fehlendem Kinderwunsch; Freizeitgestaltung: allein, mit der Familie, mit Freunden, an belebten Orten; Diskussion politischer Themen mit Freunden; politische Meinungsführerschaft; Mitgliedschaften und ehrenamtliches Engagement bei: Unterstützung älterer Menschen, religiösen Organisationen, kulturellen Aktivitäten, Gewerkschaften, Parteien, Menschenrechten, Umwelt- und Tierschutz, Berufsvereinigung, Jugendarbeit und Verbraucherschutz; Abneigung gegenüber Leuten mit anderer Einstellung; Einsamkeitsgefühl; Einschätzung der allgemeinen Hilfsbereitschaft in der heutigen Zeit; Beschreibung des sozialen Umfelds in der Nachbarschaft des Befragten: Personen mit kriminellem Hintergrund, von anderer Hautfarbe, mit Alkoholproblemen, mit emotional instabiler Persönlichkeit, Immigranten, Links-Extremisten, Rechts-Extremisten, mit großen Familien, Studenten, allein erziehende Mütter, religiöse Minderheiten; vertrauenswürdige Person; gegenseitiges Vertrauen jüngerer Menschen zu älteren; Lebenszufriedenheit allgemein, vor fünf Jahren und in fünf Jahren; empfundene Freiheit und Selbstbestimmung; Zufriedenheit mit der eigenen finanziellen Situation; erwartete finanzielle Situation in 12 Monaten; Arbeitsorientierung und Aspekte von Arbeitszufriedenheit: gute Bezahlung, wenig Druck, Arbeitsplatzsicherheit, angesehene Tätigkeit, flexible Arbeitszeit, Möglichkeit zur Eigeninitiative, viel Urlaub, Erfüllung von Zielen, Verantwortung, Entsprechung der eigenen Fähigkeiten, nette Arbeitskollegen, gute Aufstiegschancen, der Gesellschaft dienlich und Kontakt zu Menschen; Freude, nach dem Wochenende zur Arbeit zu gehen; Stolz auf geleistete Arbeit; Ausnutzung am Arbeitsplatz; Zufriedenheit mit der Arbeit; Entscheidungsfreiheit bei der Arbeit; Nutzung von bezahlten freien Tagen: Suche nach zusätzlicher entlohnter Arbeit, Fortbildung, Treffen mit Freunden und Familie, zusätzliche Arbeit gegen die Langeweile, ehrenamtliche Tätigkeit, Hobbys, Leitung eines eigenen Geschäfts, Entspannung; Gerechtigkeitsempfinden bei unterschiedlicher Bezahlung zweier Angestellter; Präferenz für Mitbestimmung oder staatliche Steuerung von Unternehmen; Einstellung zum bedingungslosen Befolgen von Anweisungen bei der Arbeit; Zufriedenheit mit dem Privatleben; Übereinstimmen der Ansichten des Partners sowie der Eltern mit dem Befragten im Hinblick auf: Religion, moralische Standards, soziale Einstellungen, politische Ansichten und sexuelle Vorstellungen; ideale Kinderzahl; Einstellungen zum Aufwachsen von Kindern mit beiden Elternteilen, zur Erfüllung der Frau durch Kinder, zu sexueller Selbstbestimmung, zur Ehe als überholte Institution, zu allein erziehenden Frauen, zum Ausleben sexueller Freiheit; wichtige Aspekte für eine erfolgreiche Ehe: Treue, gutes Einkommen, gleicher sozialer Hintergrund, Respekt und Anerkennung, religiöser Hintergrund, gute Unterkunft, politisches Einvernehmen, Verstehen und Toleranz, Abstand von Angeheirateten, gute sexuelle Beziehung, Arbeitsteilung im Haushalt, Kinder, gleicher Geschmack und Interessen; akzeptierte Gründe für eine Scheidung: finanzieller Bankrott, Krankheit, Alkoholabhängigkeit, Gewalttätigkeit oder Untreue seitens des Partners, sexuelle Unzufriedenheit, fehlende Liebe, Nicht-Verstehen mit Verwandten, Kinderlosigkeit, unterschiedliche Persönlichkeiten; Lebensziele des Befragten; Hauptziel von Gefängnisstrafe; Bereitschaft für sein Land zu kämpfen; Einschätzung der Kriegswahrscheinlichkeit im eigenen Land in den nächsten fünf Jahren; erwartete Veränderungen von Werten wie: materielle Güter, Arbeit, Technologie, Individuum, Autoritätsgläubigkeit, Familie, einfachem Lebensstil; Einstellung zum wissenschaftlichen Fortschritt; Politikinteresse; politische Partizipation: Unterzeichnung einer Petition, Teilnahme an Boykotts, Teilnahme an genehmigten Demonstrationen, Teilnahme an wilden Streiks, Hausbesetzung, Vandalismus, körperliche Gewalt; Präferenz für Frieden oder Gleichheit; Selbsteinschätzung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; gesellschaftliche Grundeinstellungen; Institutionenvertrauen in: Kirchen, Armee, Bildungssystem, Presse, Gewerkschaften, Polizei, Parlament, öffentlicher Dienst, große Unternehmen, Justizwesen; aufgrund unsicherer Zukunft in den Tag hinein leben; Parteineigung; Parteipräferenz und Parteiidentifikation; tägliche Zeitungslektüre; Häufigkeit von Fernsehen; Meinung zu Terrorismus; gedankliche Beschäftigung mit dem Sinn des Lebens; Gefühl über Sinnlosigkeit des Lebens; Gedanken über den Tod; Meinung zu Gut und Böse in jedem Menschen; Reue empfinden; Dinge, für die es sich lohnt sein Leben zu riskieren: Land, Leben eines anderen, Gerechtigkeit, Freiheit, Frieden, Religion; Einstellung zu Gut und Böse sowie Religion und Wahrheit; Konfession; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Religiosität; Kirche als Antwort auf: moralische Fragen, Probleme im Familienleben, spirituelle Bedürfnisse; Wichtigkeit von Religion in der Zukunft; Glaube an: Gott, Leben nach dem Tod, Seele, Hölle, Himmel, Sünde, Reinkarnation, Teufel; Glaube an Gott oder spirituelle Lebensenergie; Wichtigkeit von Gott im Leben; Kraft und Trost durch Religion; Bedürfnis nach Gebet und Meditation; Zustimmung oder Ablehnung der einzelnen Zehn Gebote durch den Befragten und die meisten Menschen; übersinnliche Erlebnisse: sich mit jemand weit entfernten verbunden fühlen, weit entfernte Ereignisse wahrnehmen, mit einem Toten in Kontakt getreten, Nähe zu einer mächtigen Lebenskraft; Veränderung der Sichtweise auf das Leben durch ein übersinnliches Ereignis; Beziehung zwischen den Eltern in der Jugendzeit des Befragten; Verbundenheit des Befragten zu den beiden Elternteilen; strenge Erziehung durch die Eltern; moralische Wertvorstellungen: Einstellung zur Inanspruchnahme nicht zustehender staatlicher Leistungen, zu Schwarzfahren, Steuerhinterziehung, Annehmen von Bestechungsgeld, Homosexualität, Prostitution, Abtreibung, Scheidung, Euthanasie, Selbstmord, unerlaubte Benutzung von Fahrzeugen, Konsum leichter Drogen, Lügen, Ehebruch, Geschlechtsverkehr unter Minderjährigen, politisches Attentat, Hehlerei, Behalten von gefundenem Geld, Gewalt gegen die Polizei, Fahrerflucht bei Schaden an einem geparkten Fahrzeug, Drohungen gegen Streikbrecher, Töten aus Notwehr; Häufigkeit und Menge des eigenen Alkoholkonsums im Vergleich zu anderen; Einschätzung der Ernsthaftigkeit des Konsums illegaler Drogen und Alkoholismus im Lande; Einordnung in eine geographische Gruppe; Nationalstolz. Demographie: Geschlecht; Geburtsjahr; Alter des Befragten; Familienstand; Kinderzahl; Haushaltsgröße; Zahl der Personen im Haushalt 18 Jahre und älter; Zahl der Personen im Haushalt in verschiedene Altersgruppen; Alter bei Ende der Ausbildung; Zusammenleben mit den Eltern; Haus oder Wohnung; Erwerbsstatus; Haushaltsvorstand; Wohnstatus; Beruf; Betriebsgröße; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft des Befragten oder des Partner; Beruf des Haushaltsvorstands; sozioökonomischer Status des Befragten; Einkommen; Ortsgröße; Art der Wohnung; ethnische Zugehörigkeit. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Land; Region; Vertrauenswürdigkeit des Befragten; Gesamteindruck des Befragten; Gewichtung

European Values Study Longitudinal Data File 1981-2008 (EVS 1981-2008)

This study is no longer up to date. Please, use the new study ZA7503: EVS Trend File 1981-2017 . The latest data file is also recommended as an improved update for analyses due to the improvements and data revisions. Moral, religious, societal, political, work, and family values of Europeans. Compilation of the data sets from 1981, 1990, 1999, and 2008. The variable overview allows for comparisons of trend variables of the four EVS waves 1981, 1990, 1999, and 2008. In addition, comparisons of original question texts across the waves 1999 and 2008 are supported. Topics: 1. Perceptions of life: importance of work, family, friends and acquaintances, leisure time, politics and religion (in Sweden: service to others); frequency of political discussions with friends; happiness; self-assessment of own health; feelings of: excitement or interest, restlessness, pride because of compliments, loneliness, joy about completing a thing, boredom, feeling good, depressed or unhappy, managing everything, sadness because of criticism; feelings of the respondent at home: relaxation, anxiety, happiness, aggression or safety. 2. Leisure: way of spending leisure time and definition of leisure; partners for leisure time: alone, with family, friends, at busy places, colleagues, people at churches or at sport and culture; frequency of political discussions with friends and political opinion leadership; memberships and unpaid work (volunteering) in: social welfare services, religious or church organisations, education, or cultural activities, trade unions, political parties, local political actions, human rights, environmental or peace movement, professional associations, youth work, sports clubs, women´s groups, voluntary associations concerned with health consumption or other groups; motives for volunteering; aversion to people with other setting; feelings of loneliness. 3. Work: reasons for people to live in need; importance of selected aspects of occupational work; employment status; general work satisfaction; freedom of decision-making in the job; importance of work (work ethics, scale); important aspects of leisure time; attitude towards following instructions at work without criticism (obedience work); jobs scarce: give priority to nationals over foreigners as well as men over women in jobs, able bodied people over handicapped people and forced retirement for the elderly; satisfaction with the financial situation of the household and expected situation in a year. Work Environment: work orientation and aspects of job satisfaction; importance of selected characteristics of professional work: good pay, little pressure, job security, respectable activity, flexible working hours, ability to show initiative, a lot of vacation, meeting objectives, responsibility, interesting work, meeting one´s own skills, nice colleagues, good career opportunities, serving society, contact with people, good physical conditions of work and weekend leisure, looking forward to work after the weekend, pride of one´s work, family friendly, have a say, people treated equally; perceived exploitation in the workplace; general job satisfaction (scale); satisfaction with job security; use of paid days off: look for additional salaried work, training, meeting with friends and family, additional working against boredom, voluntary work, hobbies, running one´s own business, relaxation. 4. Religion: deism or nihilism; opinion about good and evil in everyone; feel remorse; being worth risking life for: own country, life of another person, justice, freedom, peace, religion; individual or general clear guidelines for good and evil; religious denomination; current and former religious denomination; raised religiously; current frequency of church attendance and at the age of 12; importance of religious celebration at birth, marriage and funeral; self-assessment of religiousness; churches give adequate answers to moral questions, problems of family life, spiritual needs and social problems of the country; assessment of the importance of religion for the future; attitude towards the role of the Church in political issues (scale); belief in God, life after death, soul, hell, heaven, sin, telepathy, reincarnation, angels, devil, resurrection from the dead; stick to religion vs. explore different traditions; personal God versus spirit or life force; own way of connecting with the divine; interest in the sacred or the supernatural; attitude towards the existence of one true religion; importance of God in one´s life (10-point-scalometer); experience of comfort and strength from religion and belief; moments of prayer and meditation; frequency of prayers; approval or rejection of the single 10 bids by the respondents and most people; supernatural experiences: feeling of connection with someone far away, seeing events that happened far away, felt in touch with someone dead, proximity to a powerful life force, change in the way of looking at life through a psychic experience; relationship between the parents in the youth of the respondent; connectivity of respondents with both parents; strict upbringing by parents; belief in supernatural forces; ownership of and belief in lucky charms or a talisman (10-point-scale); reading and consideration of horoscopes; attitude towards: politicians who don´t believe in God are unfit for public office, religious leaders should not influence how people vote, better if more people with strong religious beliefs are in public office, religious leaders should not influence government, nurse refusing legal abortion on religious grounds, time for prayer and meditation in all schools, prohibiting or allowing books that attack religion, church(es) do influence on national politics. 5. Family and marriage: trust in one´s family; satisfaction with private life; convergence of views of the partner and the parents with the respondent with respect to: religious and moral standards, social attitudes, political views and sexual images, ideal number of children; sexual self-determination; attitude towards single mothers; enjoy sexual freedom; enduring relationships are necessary to be happy; homosexual couples adopting children; live together without being married; to have children is a duty towards society; one´s own decision to have children; child’s duty to take care of ill parents; most important criteria for a successful marriage (scale: loyalty, good income, same social background, respect and recognition of religious background, good housing, political agreement, understanding and tolerance, live apart from one´s in-laws, good sexual relationship, sharing household chores, children, discussion of problems, spending time together, conversations and share the same taste interests, same ethnic background, time for friends and hobbies); accepted reasons for divorce: financial bankruptcy, illness, alcohol addiction, violence or unfaithfulness of the partner, sexual dissatisfaction, loss of love, non-understanding with relatives, childlessness, different personalities; attitude towards childcare (a child needs a home with father and mother, women and men need children in order to be fulfilled, marriage is an out-dated institution, woman as a single-parent); attitude towards marriage, children, and traditional family structure (scale); attitude towards traditional understanding of one´s role of man and woman in occupation and family (scale); attitude towards: respect and love for parents; parent´s responsibilities to their children and the responsibility of adult children for their parents when they are in need of long-term care; importance of educational goals (good manners, politeness, independence, hard work, honesty, feeling of responsibility, patience, imagination, tolerance and respect, leadership, self-control, frugality, thrift, perseverance, religious faith, unselfishness, obedience and loyalty); attitude towards abortion; justification of abortion for: health risk for the mother, children with disabilities, unmarried mother, lack of desire for children. 6. Politics and society: most important aims of the country; political interest; political participation: signing of a petition, participate in boycotts, attending approved demonstrations or to wildcat strikes, squatting, violence against persons or things; preference for individual freedom or social equality; self-assessment on a left-right continuum (10-point-scale); social preferences; attitude towards the economic system, income equality, state enterprises, competition, performance orientation and the accumulation of wealth in a few persons; economic liberalism; attitude to welfare state, conservatism and the need for change of the economic system (scale); personal characteristics (scale); self-responsibility or governmental provision; free decision of job-taking of the unemployed or no permission to refuse a job; advantage or harmfulness of competition; liberty of firms or governmental control; equal incomes or incentives for individual efforts; attitude concerning capitalism versus government ownership; willingness to fight for one´s own country; the main aim of imprisonment; assessment of the likelihood of war in one´s own country in the next five years and expected changes of values such as: less emphasis on money and material possessions, labour, technology, individual, greater respect for authority, family, simple lifestyle and more power to local authorities; attitude towards scientific progress; trust in institutions (churches, army, education system, the press, unions, police, parliament, government, social security systems, political parties, large businesses, health care system environmental protection movement, justice system, European Union, NATO, UN); attitude towards selected movements (environmental protection, anti-nuclear, peace movement, human rights, women and anti-apartheid); satisfaction with democracy; assessment of the political system of the country ten years ago; assessment of the political system of the country as good or bad (10-point-scale); preferred type of political system (strong leader, expert decisions, army should rule the country, or democracy); attitude towards democracy (scale); assessment of the observance of individual human rights in the country; assessing the solvability of environmental problems, crime and unemployment at the national or international level. 7. Moral attitudes: personal attitudes and rating of compatriots: scale: claiming state benefits without entitlement, cheating on taxes, joyriding, corruption, prostitution, taking soft drugs, lying, adultery, bribe money, homosexuality, abortion, divorce, euthanasia, suicide, littering, driving under influence of alcohol, paying cash to avoid taxes, casual sex, smoking in public places, speeding over the limit, sex under the legal age of consent, political assassination, avoiding fare on public transport, experiments with human embryos, genetic manipulation of food, insemination or in-vitro fertilization, buy stolen goods, keeping of found money, fighting with the police, hit-and-run, threatening workers who refuse to join a strike, killing in self-defence and death penalty; frequency of own alcohol consumption; amount of own alcohol consumption compared to others; potential risk from the consumption of illegal drugs and alcoholism; attitude to punishment depending on the situation of the perpetrator or the victim (scale); tolerance towards minorities - social distance (people with a criminal record, people of different race, left/right wing extremists, alcohol addicts, large families, emotionally unstable people, Muslims, immigrants, AIDS sufferers, drug addicts, homosexuals, Jews, Gypsies, Christians, Hindus); students, unmarried mothers; people of other faiths and cult members in the neighbourhood; interpersonal trust; mutual trust of younger people to older people; estimation of people´s fair and helpful behaviour; internal or external control; current satisfaction with life and five years ago; expected satisfaction with life in five years; perceived freedom and self-determination; willingness waiver of income or increase taxes (welfare waiver) for the environment; reduction of pollution as a task for the government; insecurity of the people by talking about pollution; fight against unemployment means to accept environmental problems; environmental protection and fighting pollution are less urgent; (only in Sweden: environmental protection versus economic growth, human and nature). 8. National identity: geographical group the respondent feels to belong to (town, region of country, country, Europe, the world); citizenship; national pride; fears associated with the European Union (the loss of social security and national identity, growing expenditure of the own country, the loss of power in the world for one´s own country and the loss of jobs); attitude towards the enlargement of the European Union (10-point-scale); voting intensions in the next election and party preference; party that appeals most; preferred immigrant policy; opinion on terrorism; attitude towards immigrants and their customs and traditions (taking jobs away, undermining a country´s cultural life, making crime problems worse, strain on country´s welfare system, threat to society, maintaining distinct customs and traditions); feeling like a stranger in one´s own country; too many immigrants; important aspects of national identity (being born in the country, to respect country´s political institutions and laws, having country´s ancestry, to speak the national language, have been living in the country for a long time); importance of alignment of income, of educational opportunities, securing the basic needs and recognition of others because of their performance; interest in political news in the media; give authorities information to help justice versus stick to own affairs; closeness to family, the neighbourhood, the people of the region, to the compatriots, the Europeans and mankind; concerned about the living conditions of elderly people, unemployed people, immigrants, sick or disabled people and poor children; personal reasons to assist older people and foreigners; party inclination and party identification; regular reading of a newspaper; television viewing; (only in Sweden: television is main entertainment); mental preoccupation with the meaning of life; sense of meaninglessness of life, thoughts about death. 9. Environment: attitude towards the environment (scale: overpopulation, disastrous consequences from human interference with nature, human ingenuity remains earth fit to live in, the balance of nature is strong enough to cope with the impacts of modern industrial nations, humans were meant to rule over the rest of nature, an ecological catastrophe is inevitable). 10. Life experiences: the death of own child, of father or mother, the divorce of own child, of the parents or of another relative; age of respondent when these events took place; age at completion of education; highest educational level attained; employment status; employed or self-employed in the last job; profession (ISCO-88) and occupational position; supervising function and span of control; size of company. 11. Respondent’s partner: respondent´s partner or spouse: partner was born in the country and partner´s country of birth; highest educational level; employment status of the partner; employment or self-employment of the partner in his/her last job; partner´s profession (ISCO-88) and occupational position; supervising function of the partner and span of control; duration of unemployment and dependence on social-security of the respondent and his partner longer than three months in the last five years; number of people working in own department; labour-union membership of the respondent or his spouse; respondent is chief wage earner in the household; employment status and profession of the chief wage earner; scale of household income; living together with parents when the respondent was 14 years old; 12. Respondent’s parents: highest educational level of father and mother (ISCED-Code); employment status of father and mother; profession of father and mother (ISCO-88) and kind of work; number of employees (size of business); supervising function and span of control of father and mother; characterization of the parents when respondent was 14 years old (scale: liked to read books, discussed politics at home with their child, liked to follow the news, had problems making ends meet and had problems replacing broken things). Sweden 1999 (additional WVS variables): satisfaction with public servants; economic aid for poor countries, decision makers preferred regarding peacekeeping, the environment, help for developing countries, refugees and human rights; family savings during the last year. Demography: sex; age (year of birth); born in the country of interview; country of birth; year of immigration into the country; father and mother born in the country; country of birth of father and mother; current legal marital status; living together with the partner before marriage or before the registration of partnership; living together with a partner and living with a partner before; steady relationship; married to previous partner; end of relationship; divorced; number of children; year of birth of the first child; size and composition of household; living together with the parents and other relatives; living in a house or apartment; age of completed education; highest educational level; ISCED; employment status; full time or part time employment of chief wage earner; number of supervised people; job profession/industry (ISCO88); occupational status (SIOPS, ISEI, egp11, ESeC); unemployment; dependency on social security; belonging to labour union; employment of chief wage earner; savings; household income; subjective assessment of own social class, socio-economic status of respondent; region the respondent lived at the age of 14, present place of residence; size of town; region; region and size of town where the interview was conducted; type of habitat, ethnic group, post-materialist index 12-item, 4-item. Interviewer rating: respondent´s interest in the interview, his confidence and cheerfulness. Additionally encoded: wave; country; interviewer identification; date of the interview; total length of interview; time of the interview (start hour and start minute, end hour and end minute); language in which the interview was conducted; survey year. Diese Studie ist nicht mehr aktuell. Bitte nutzen Sie die aktualisierte Nachfolgestudie ZA7503: EVS Trend File 1981-2017 . Der neue Datensatz wird aufgrund der vorgenommenen Änderungen und Datenrevisionen auch als verbessertes Update für Analysen empfohlen. Moralische, religiöse, gesellschaftliche, politische, ökonomische und soziale Wertvorstellungen der Europäer. Der Online Variable Overview ermöglicht den Vergleich von Trend Variablen über die vier EVS Wellen 1981, 1990, 1999 und 2008 sowie einen Vergleich von originalsprachlichen Fragen aus den Wellen 1999 und 2008. Themen: Einige Fragen wurden nicht in allen Ländern und zu allen Befragungszeiträumen gestellt. Freizeit: Wichtigkeit der Lebensbereiche Familie, Freunde, Freizeit, Politik, Arbeit, Religion (nur in Schweden: Einsatz für andere); Glücksgefühl; subjektiver Gesundheitszustand; Gefühle von: Aufregung oder Interesse, Rastlosigkeit, Stolz aufgrund von Komplimenten, Einsamkeit, Freude über Vollendung einer Sache, Langeweile, Wohlfühlen, depressiv oder unglücklich, alles gelingt mir, Traurigkeit aufgrund von Kritik; Gefühlslage des Befragten zu Hause: Entspannung, Angst, Zufriedenheit, Aggression oder Sicherheit. Respekt und Liebe für die Eltern; Verantwortlichkeit der Eltern für ihre Kinder; wichtige Erziehungsziele bei Kindern: gute Manieren, Höflichkeit, Unabhängigkeit, Arbeitsorientierung, Ehrlichkeit, Verantwortungsgefühl, Geduld, Vorstellungskraft, Toleranz und Respekt für andere, Führungsrolle, Selbstkontrolle, Sparsamkeit, Beharrlichkeit, religiöser Glaube, Bescheidenheit, Gehorsam und Loyalität; Rechtfertigung von Abtreibung bei: gesundheitlichem Risiko für die Mutter, Behinderung des Kindes, nicht verheirateter Mutter, fehlendem Kinderwunsch. Freizeitgestaltung: allein, mit der Familie, mit Freunden, an belebten Orten; Verkehrskreise in der Freizeit; Diskussionshäufigkeit politischer Themen im Freundeskreis; politische Meinungsführerschaft; Mitgliedschaften und ehrenamtliche Tätigkeiten in Vereinen, Parteien, Organisationen, Bürgerinitiativen und Berufsorganisationen; Motive für ehrenamtliche Tätigkeiten; Abneigung gegenüber Leuten mit anderer Einstellung; Einsamkeitsgefühl; Einschätzung der allgemeinen Hilfsbereitschaft in der heutigen Zeit. Toleranz gegenüber Minderheiten: Straffällige, andere Rasse, Alkoholiker, Muslime, HIV-Infizierte, Drogenabhängige, Homosexuelle, Juden, Zigeuner, Christen, Linke, Rechte, Großfamilien, Hindus, Ausländern; Nachbarschaft von Studenten, unverheirateten Müttern, Andersgläuben und Sektenmitgliedern; zwischenmenschliches Vertrauen; gegenseitiges Vertrauen jüngerer Menschen zu Älteren; derzeitige Lebenszufriedenheit und vor fünf Jahren; erwartete Lebenszufriedenheit in fünf Jahren; empfundene Freiheit und Selbstbestimmung; Bereitschaft zum Einkommensverzicht bzw. zu Steuererhöhungen (Wohlstandsverzicht) zugunsten der Umwelt; Reduzierung der Umweltverschmutzung als Aufgabe der Regierung; Verunsicherung der Menschen durch Gerede über Umweltverschmutzung; Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit wichtiger als Umweltprobleme; Stell