559 research outputs found
Dynamics of ring dark solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates and nonlinear optics
Quasiparticle approach to dynamics of dark solitons is applied to the case of
ring solitons. It is shown that the energy conservation law provides the
effective equations of motion of ring dark solitons for general form of the
nonlinear term in the generalized nonlinear Schroedinger or Gross-Pitaevskii
equation. Analytical theory is illustrated by examples of dynamics of ring
solitons in light beams propagating through a photorefractive medium and in
non-uniform condensates confined in axially symmetric traps. Analytical results
agree very well with the results of our numerical simulations.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure
Polarization Correlations of 1S0 Proton Pairs as Tests of Bell and Wigner Inequalities
In an experiment designed to overcome the loophole of observer dependent
reality and satisfying the counterfactuality condition, we measured
polarization correlations of 1S0 proton pairs produced in 12C(d,2He) and
1H(d,He) reactions in one setting. The results of these measurements are used
to test the Bell and Wigner inequalties against the predictions of quantum
mechanics.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure
Reversed anisotropies and thermal contraction of FCC (110) surfaces
The observed anisotropies of surface vibrations for unreconstructed FCC metal
(110) surfaces are often reversed from the "common sense" expectation. The
source of these reversals is investigated by performing ab initio density
functional theory calculations to obtain the surface force constant tensors for
Ag(110), Cu(110) and Al(110). The most striking result is a large enhancement
in the coupling between the first and third layers of the relaxed surface,
which strongly reduces the amplitude of out-of-plane vibrations of atoms in the
first layer. This also provides a simple explanation for the thermal
contraction of interlayer distances. Both the anisotropies and the thermal
contraction arise primarily as a result of the bond topology, with all three
(110) surfaces showing similar behavior.Comment: 13 pages, in revtex format, plus 1 postscript figur
Subtle pH variation around pH 4.0 affects aggregation kinetics and aggregate characteristics of recombinant human insulin
Insulin is a biotherapeutic protein, which, depending on environmental conditions such as pH, has been shown to form a large variety of aggregates with different structures and morphologies. This work focuses on the formation and characteristics of insulin particulates, dense spherical aggregates having diameters spanning from nanometre to low-micron size. An in-depth investigation of the system is obtained by applying a broad range of techniques for particle sizing and characterisation. An interesting observation was achieved regarding the formation kinetics and aggregate characteristics of the particulates; a subtle change in the pH from pH 4.1 to pH 4.3 markedly affected the kinetics of the particulate formation and led to different particulate sizes, either nanosized or micronsized particles. Also, a clear difference between the secondary structure of the protein particulates formed at the two pH values was observed, where the nanosized particulates had an increased content of aggregated β-structure compared to the micronsized particles. The remaining characteristics of the particles were identical for the two particulate populations. These observations highlight the importance of carefully studying the formulation design space and of knowing the impact of parameters such as pH on the aggregation to secure a drug product in control. Furthermore, the identification of particles only varying in few parameters, such as size, are considered highly valuable for studying the effect of particle features on the immunogenicity potential.Drug Delivery Technolog
Tunneling times with covariant measurements
We consider the time delay of massive, non-relativistic, one-dimensional
particles due to a tunneling potential. In this setting the well-known Hartman
effect asserts that often the sub-ensemble of particles going through the
tunnel seems to cross the tunnel region instantaneously. An obstacle to the
utilization of this effect for getting faster signals is the exponential
damping by the tunnel, so there seems to be a trade-off between speedup and
intensity. In this paper we prove that this trade-off is never in favor of
faster signals: the probability for a signal to reach its destination before
some deadline is always reduced by the tunnel, for arbitrary incoming states,
arbitrary positive and compactly supported tunnel potentials, and arbitrary
detectors. More specifically, we show this for several different ways to define
``the same incoming state'' and ''the same detector'' when comparing the
settings with and without tunnel potential. The arrival time measurements are
expressed in the time-covariant approach, but we also allow the detection to be
a localization measurement at a later time.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figure
The effect of the ratio of solid to liquid conductivity on the side-branching characteristics of dendrites within a phase-field model of solidification
We use a phase-field model of dendritic growth in a pure undercooled melt to examine the effect of the ratio of the thermal conductivities in the solid and liquid states (mu = ks/kl) on the side-branching characteristics of the dendrite. We find that high conductivity in the solid favours extensive side-branching while low conductivity in the solid appears to strongly suppress side branching. Over the range 0.5 < mu < 2.0, which is typical of most (metallic) systems which display dendritic growth the RMS distance at which the mean amplitude of the side-branches becomes equal to the tip radius varies from as little as 10 tip radii to in excess of 45 tip radii. This implies that there may be significant morphological difference between dendrites grown in different materials. The variation does not appear to follow exactly the analytical relationship predicted by solvability theory
Radar Observations and the Shape of Near-Earth Asteroid 2008 EV5
We observed the near-Earth asteroid 2008 EV5 with the Arecibo and Goldstone
planetary radars and the Very Long Baseline Array during December 2008. EV5
rotates retrograde and its overall shape is a 400 /pm 50 m oblate spheroid. The
most prominent surface feature is a ridge parallel to the asteroid's equator
that is broken by a concavity 150 m in diameter. Otherwise the asteroid's
surface is notably smooth on decameter scales. EV5's radar and optical albedos
are consistent with either rocky or stony-iron composition. The equatorial
ridge is similar to structure seen on the rubble-pile near-Earth asteroid
(66391) 1999 KW4 and is consistent with YORP spin-up reconfiguring the asteroid
in the past. We interpret the concavity as an impact crater. Shaking during the
impact and later regolith redistribution may have erased smaller features,
explaining the general lack of decameter-scale surface structure.Comment: This paper has been accepted for publication in Icarus:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WGF-5207B2F-4/2/d87cd2ae4da00c2b277e2dc79a532c4
Dark soliton states of Bose-Einstein condensates in anisotropic traps
Dark soliton states of Bose-Einstein condensates in harmonic traps are
studied both analytically and computationally by the direct solution of the
Gross-Pitaevskii equation in three dimensions. The ground and self-consistent
excited states are found numerically by relaxation in imaginary time. The
energy of a stationary soliton in a harmonic trap is shown to be independent of
density and geometry for large numbers of atoms. Large amplitude field
modulation at a frequency resonant with the energy of a dark soliton is found
to give rise to a state with multiple vortices. The Bogoliubov excitation
spectrum of the soliton state contains complex frequencies, which disappear for
sufficiently small numbers of atoms or large transverse confinement. The
relationship between these complex modes and the snake instability is
investigated numerically by propagation in real time.Comment: 11 pages, 8 embedded figures (two in color
Quantum unsharpness and symplectic rigidity
We discuss a link between "hard" symplectic topology and an unsharpness
principle for generalized quantum observables (positive operator valued
measures). The link is provided by the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization.Comment: 26 pages, more preliminaries added, changes in the expositio
- …