Selektion durch Folgen

Der Beitrag selbst erscheint hier in deutscher Sprache erstmalig. Das Original erschien unter dem Titel "Selection by Consequences" in der Zeitschrift "Science" Vol 213, pp 501-504,31, July 1981. Die Übersetzung stammt von Eva Sicheneder und Alfred K. Treml. (DIPF/Orig.

UM RELATO DE CASO NO MÉTODO CIENTÍFICO

A CASE HISTORY IN SCIENTIFIC METHODUM RELATO DE CASO NO MÉTODO CIENTÍFIC

A PSICOLOGIA PODE SER UMA CIÊNCIA DA MENTE?

Muitos psicólogos, como os filósofos antes deles, olharam dentro de si mesmos para a explicação de seus comportamentos. Eles sentiram [felt] sentimentos e observaram processos mentais por meio da introspecção. Entretanto, a introspecção nunca foi muito satisfatória. Os filósofos reconheceram sua inadequação, embora insistindo que esse é, todavia, o único meio de autoconhecimento. Os psicólogos outrora já tentaram aprimorá-la pelo uso de observadores treinados e dos instrumentos de metal [brass instruments] sobre os quais Willian James teve opinião desfavorável. A introspecção já não é mais muito usada. Psicólogos cognitivistas podem ver representações e podem até argumentar que elas são as únicas coisas que podem ser vistas, mas eles não afirmam que veem a si mesmos processando-as. Ao contrário, como os psicanalistas, que enfrentam o mesmo problema com processos que não podem ser vistos porque são inconscientes, voltaram-se para a teoria. Teorias, contudo, precisam de confirmação, e por isso muitos se voltaram para a ciência do cérebro, em que se pode dizer que os processos são inspecionados [inspected], em vez de serem observados instrospectados [introspected].3 Se a mente é “o que cérebro faz”, o cérebro pode ser estudado como qualquer outro órgão. Consequentemente, então, a ciência do cérebro deveria dizer-nos o que significa construir uma representação da realidade, armazenar uma representação na memória, converter uma intenção em ação, sentir alegria ou tristeza, tirar uma conclusão lógica, e assim por diante

Considering agency and data granularity in the design of visualization tools

The Ecuadorian Government supports Gonzalo Gabriel Méndez through a SENESCYT scholarship.Previous research has identified trade-offs when it comes to designing visualization tools. While constructive “bottom-up” tools promote a hands-on, user-driven design process that enables a deep understanding and control of the visual mapping, automated tools are more efficient and allow people to rapidly explore complex alternative designs, often at the cost of transparency. We investigate how to design visualization tools that support a user-driven, transparent design process while enabling efficiency and automation, through a series of design workshops that looked at how both visualization experts and novices approach this problem. Participants produced a variety of solutions that range from example-based approaches expanding constructive visualization to solutions in which the visualization tool infers solutions on behalf of the designer, e.g., based on data attributes. On a higher level, these findings highlight agency and granularity as dimensions that can guide the design of visualization tools in this space.Postprin

Affect Recognition using Psychophysiological Correlates in High Intensity VR Exergaming

User experience estimation of VR exergame players by recognising their affective state could enable us to personalise and optimise their experience. Affect recognition based on psychophysiological measurements has been successful for moderate intensity activities. High intensity VR exergames pose challenges as the effects of exercise and VR headsets interfere with those measurements. We present two experiments that investigate the use of different sensors for affect recognition in a VR exergame. The first experiment compares the impact of physical exertion and gamification on psychophysiological measurements during rest, conventional exercise, VR exergaming, and sedentary VR gaming. The second experiment compares underwhelming, overwhelming and optimal VR exergaming scenarios. We identify gaze fixations, eye blinks, pupil diameter and skin conductivity as psychophysiological measures suitable for affect recognition in VR exergaming and analyse their utility in determining affective valence and arousal. Our findings provide guidelines for researchers of affective VR exergames.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 665992 </p

Habit and the Politics of Social Change: A comparison of nudge theory and pragmatist philosophy

Rethinking the political workings of habit and habituation, this paper suggests, is vital to understanding the logics and possibilities of social change today. Any endeavour to explore habit’s affirmative potential, however, must confront its legacies as a colonialist, imperialist and capitalist technology. As a means to explore what it is that differentiates contemporary neoliberal modes of governing through habit from more critical approaches, this article compares contemporary ‘nudge’ theory and policy, as espoused by the behavioural economist Richard Thaler and the legal scholar Cass Sunstein, with the pragmatist philosophies of habit offered by John Dewey, William James and Shannon Sullivan. While nudge advocates focus on how policymakers and corporate leaders can intervene in the ‘choice architectures’ that surround us to outsmart or bypass problematic human tendencies, I argue, pragmatist philosophers appreciate the necessity of collective efforts to develop new and flexible forms of habituation in order to engender more enduring and democratic forms of social transformation

Particulars of My Life

Skinner, B. F. Particulars of my life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976 Burrhus Frederic Skinner was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher. He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. The 1st volume of Skinner\u27s autobiography takes him through childhood, adolescence, college, and life in New York\u27s Greenwich Village in the 1920s, when he was attempting to become a writer until at the age of 24 he gave up literature as a career and went to the graduate department of psychology at Harvard. - PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reservedhttps://digitalcommons.rockefeller.edu/jason-brown-library/1043/thumbnail.jp