Mapeamento da fitomassa da caatinga do seridó pelos índices de área de planta e de vegetação da diferença normalizada

Phytomass is a critical information for economic and environmental activities like the establishment of policies for timber resources, forest management, studies of plant nutrient cycling, CO2 sink, among other. The phytomass of a Caatinga area was obtained by an empirical method using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of Landsat images, the plant area index (PAI) and the phytomass inventory. At a first stage, linear, logarithmic and non-linear models were developed and tested. Bush and tree specimens were considered in the study, so that most of the individuals that contribute to the spectral answer detected by satellite images were included. At a second stage, the orbital parameter NDVI was used to map the PAI, which was used to map the phytomass, based on the relationship of this phytomass as a function of PAI. The residues between measurements and estimates based on NDVI varied from 0 to 84%, while the residues of total dry weight of phytomass per ha obtained by mapping and by dendrometrical equations varied from 5 to 104%, with a large trend of 166 and 448% in open Caatinga areas, due to the contribution of the herbaceous stratum to NDVI.A fitomassa, principalmente arbórea, é informação necessária em atividades econômicas e ambientais, como políticas de uso do recurso madeireiro, manejo florestal, estudos de ciclagem de nutrientes, absorção de CO2, entre outros. A finalidade deste estudo foi a verificação de um método empírico para o mapeamento da fitomassa da Caatinga do Seridó, integrando-se um inventário de fitomassa, o índice de área de planta (IAP) e o índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada (NDVI), por meio de imagens Landsat TM. Na primeira etapa foram desenvolvidos e testados modelos lineares, logarítmicos e não lineares. A abordagem de tamanho foi arbustiva e arbórea, incluindo-se a maior parte dos indivíduos que contribuem na resposta espectral mensurada por imagens de satélite. Em uma segunda etapa utilizamos o parâmetro orbital, NDVI, para o mapeamento do IAP, que por sua vez, foi utilizado para mapear a fitomassa. Os desvios entre mensurações de IAP e estimativas a partir do NDVI, variaram de 0 a 84%, enquanto que os desvios entre Peso Seco Total de Fitomassa por ha obtidos pelo mapeamento e por equações dendrométricas, variaram de 5 a 104%, com grandes tendências de 166 e 448% para áreas de caatinga aberta, provocada pela contribuição do estrato herbáceo no NDVI

La evolución de las exportaciones petroleras en el crecimiento económico del Ecuador

The present study is crucial to establish the link between oil exports and Ecuador’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), to provide empirical proof of the nation’s oil dependence. The research used a descriptive analysis of the exogenous variables (oil exports, foreign direct investment, and inflation) to establish their level of incidence in the endogenous variable (GDP). To determine the statistical influence between the study variables, a multiple linear regression model was estimated using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method through Stata statistical software. The influence on GDP was determined, creating validations on the independent variables, whose findings allowed us to confirm that there is a clear link between crude oil exports and gross domestic product, which affects the economic growth of the country. In this context, exports demonstrated a statistically significant positive effect, that is, for each additional unit of the oil exports variable, the expected effect will be, on average, an increase in gross domestic product. Keywords: Economic Growth; Neoclassical; Gross Domestic Product; Econometric Model; Oil Exports.El presente trabajo de investigación es crucial para establecer el vínculo entre las exportaciones de petróleo y el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) del Ecuador, a fin de proporcionar una prueba empírica de la dependencia petrolera de la nación. En la investigación se utilizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables exógenas (exportaciones petroleras, inversión extranjera directa e inflación) para así establecer su nivel de incidencia en la variable endógena (PIB). Para determinar la influencia estadística entre las variables de estudio se estimó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple utilizando el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (MCO) a través del software estadístico Stata. Se determinó la influencia sobre el PIB, creando validaciones sobre las variables independientes, cuyos hallazgos permitieron confirmar que existe un vínculo claro entre las exportaciones de crudo y el producto interno bruto, lo que repercute en el crecimiento económico del país. En este contexto, las exportaciones demostraron un efecto positivo estadísticamente significativo, es decir, que por cada unidad adicional de la variable exportaciones petroleras el efecto esperado será en promedio un aumento en el producto interno bruto. Palabras clave: Crecimiento económico; Neoclásico; Producto Interno Bruto; Modelo econométrico; Exportaciones petroleras

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Epistemological horizons of the bachelor's degree in finance at the Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo

The general objective of the Bachelor's Degree in Finance is to train finance professionals with scientific knowledge and high humanistic principles, capable of performing management activities and financial advice, to help strengthen the personal, family, and business economy, promoting the growth of the financial sector, thus responding to the mission and vision of the State Technical University of Quevedo as an institution permanently committed to the pursuit of regional and national welfare, for the achievement of sustainable development, providing an academic, scientific, technological and humanistic education. This career is designed in 2019 as a result of the existing needs, related to the economic development of the country. Its origin is due to praxeological deficiencies concerning elements of epistemological character allowing justifying the curricular conception that confirms it. Thus, based on a field study and a critical analysis of the bibliography, the epistemological referents that characterize the career are revealed. In this sense, the complexity paradigm, critical pedagogy, connectivism, the General Theory of Systems, as well as the theories of the field of finance, are considered

Avaliação de mudanças no albedo do núcleo de desertificação do Seridó através de imagens do Landsat TM

This paper describes the use of albedo difference image to detect changes in the desertification nucleos of Seridó-Brazil. Albedo images were generated for 1994 and 1999 years for TM images. The images were calibrated to at ground reflectance using TM calibration coefficients and the dark target subtraction method to remove the first order atmospheric effect. The soil map and the map of slopes were also used as additional layers. Due to overstimation of albedo values caused by the calibration of the 1994 TM image only positive values were considered in the analysis of the results. Changes in albedo above 20 were associated to the exposure of soil from many of the water reservoirs affected by the 1997/99 drought. Minor changes in albedo occurred in areas occupied by shallow soils and in stepped areas.Pages: 549-55

Mapeamento da fitomassa da caatinga do núcleo de desertificação do Seridó, pelo Índice de Área de Planta (IAP) e o Índice de Vegetação da Diferença Normalizada (NDVI), obtido com dados do sensor Landsat 7 TM

The phytomass of an area under desertification process, as well as the elaboration of a phytomass inventory, the plant area index (PAI)and the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), were obtained by an empirical method using Landsat images. In the first stage, linear, logarithmic and non-linear models were developed and tested. Bush and tree specimens were considered in the study, so that most of the individuals that contribute to the spectral answer detected by satellite images were included. In a second stage, orbital parameters (NDVI)were used to map the PAI, which, by its turn, was used to map the phytomass, based on the relationship of this phytomass in function of PAI. The residues between measurements and estimates based on NDVI varied from 1 to 45, while the residues of total dry weight of phytomass per ha obtained by mapping and by dendrometrical equations varied from 4 to 78, with a large tendency of 257 in area of open Caatinga, due to the contribution of the herbaceous stratum in NDVI.Pages: 1563-157

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BackgroundUnderstanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally.MethodsThe GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented.FindingsGlobally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]).InterpretationThe leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% 47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% 32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% 27.9-42.8] and 33.3% 25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license